Abstract
Many emerging pollutants (also known as micro-pollutants) including pesticides, pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs), and endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have frequently been detected in surface, ground, and drinking water at alarming concentrations. The emission and accumulation of these anthropogenic chemicals in nature is a potential threat to human health and aquatic environment. Therefore, it is essential to devise an effective and feasible technology to remove the micro-pollutants from water. Activated carbon adsorption has been introduced and utilized as a promising treatment to reduce the concentration of the emerging pollutants in water. A summary of research on the removal of pesticides, PPCPs, and EDCs by activated carbon adsorption process is presented in this report. The effects of carbon characteristics, adsorptive properties, and environmental factors on the adsorption capacity of activated carbon are reviewed. In addition, the mechanisms of the adsorption including hydrophobicity and the nature of the functional groups of activated carbon and organic compounds are discussed. Furthermore, the applied equilibrium adsorption isotherms (Langmuir, Freundlich, BET, Sips, Dubinin-Astakhov, Dubinin-Radushkevich, and Toth) and the most common kinetic models (pseudo-first- and second-order models, film and intra-particle diffusion models, and adsorption-desorption model) are also included for further investigation. This comprehensive review report aims to identify the knowledge deficiencies regarding emerging pollutant treatment via activated carbon adsorption process and open new horizons for the future research on the adsorption of emerging pollutants on activated carbon.
About the authors
Zahra Jeirani received her BSc (Shiraz University, Iran, 2003) and MSc (Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran, 2005) in chemical engineering. She earned her first PhD in petroleum engineering from the University of Malaya, Malaysia, in 2013. She is currently pursuing her second PhD in chemical engineering at the University of Saskatchewan, Canada. Her current research involves investigations of advanced oxidation techniques for removal of emerging pollutants in water. She has numerous research accomplishments (e.g. a book, a patent, two rewards, several awards, two gold medals, more than 20 journal papers, and 10 conference presentations).
Catherine Hui Niu received her Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees in chemical engineering from Sichuan University in P R. China in 1989 and 1992, respectively. She received her PhD in chemical engineering from McGill University in 2002 and began her position at the University of Saskatchewan in 2004, where she now serves as an associate professor of chemical engineering. Her research areas focus on adsorption and biosorption with applications in wastewater treatment, gas dehydration and purification, and chemical separation.
Jafar Soltan is a professor of chemical engineering at the University of Saskatchewan (Saskatoon SK, Canada). He has obtained his BSc (Petroleum University of Technology, Iran, 1987), MSc (Shiraz University, Iran, 1992), and PhD (University of British Columbia, Canada, 1998) in chemical engineering. He has worked in industry and academia on methane conversion processes, natural gas utilization, and environmental catalysis. His current research involves developing catalysts and processes for degradation of emerging pollutants in water and wastewater, adsorption of CO2, and low temperature oxidation of volatile organic compounds in air. He has been awarded two patents on multiphase reactors and contactors. He has published two book chapters, 60 journal papers, and more than 130 conference presentations.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful for the financial support provided by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) and the University of Saskatchewan.
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