Abstract
Colored effluents containing dyes from various industries pollute the environment and pose problems in municipal wastewater treatment systems. Industrial effluents consist of a mixture of dyes and require study of the simultaneous removal of dyes. Simultaneous quantification of dyes in the solution is a common problem while using a spectrophotometric method due to overlapping of their absorption spectra. Derivative spectroscopy and chemometric methods in spectrophotometric analysis facilitate simultaneous quantification of dyes. Adsorption is a widely used treatment method for the removal of a mixture of recalcitrant dyes in industrial wastewaters. Confirming the assertion, this paper presents a state-of-the-art review on methods used for simultaneous quantification of dyes and the effects of various parameters on their adsorptive removal. This paper also reviews the adsorption equilibrium, modeling, mechanisms of dyes adsorption, and adsorbent regeneration techniques in multicomponent dye systems. It has been observed that chemometric techniques provide accuracy, repeatability, and high speed in processing and helps in better operability in real wastewater treatment plants. The conclusions include the need for the development of thermodynamic models that can predict simultaneous physisorption and chemisorption exhibited by different dyes and to develop isotherm models that can describe chemisorption of a mixture of dyes. The paper delves into inadequately researched gray areas of adsorption of a mixture of dyes which require the development of modified adsorption methods that serves process intensification for complete degradation/mineralization.
About the authors
Komal Sharma is currently a PhD scholar under the supervision of Dr. Raj K. Vyas, Chemical Engineering Department, MNIT Jaipur, India, and under the cosupervision of Dr. Ajay K. Dalai, University of Saskatchewan, Canada. She completed her master’s degree at MBM Engineering College, Jodhpur, India. She has worked on conversion of waste plastic into fuel. At present she is working on the removal of textile dyes from its aqueous mixture using reactive adsorption. She has published two research articles ininternational journals, one in a national journal, and presented a number of articles at national and international conferences.
Dalai holds a PhD in Chemical Engineering from the University of Saskatchewan, where he is currently employed as a full Professor and Canada Research Chair in Bioenergy and Environmentally Friendly Chemical Processing. His research focus is the novel catalyst development for gas to liquid technologies, development of carbon adsorbents for CO2 capture, biodiesel production, hydrogen/syngas production, hydroprocessing of gas oil, and value added products from biomass. Prof. Dalai holds several patents and has published over 300 research papers mostly on heterogeneous catalysis and catalytic processes in international journals and conference proceedings. He is a fellow of Canadian Academy of Engineering, Chemical Institute of Canada, Engineering Institute of Canada, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers, Royal Society of Canada, and Royal Society of Chemistry (UK).
Raj K. Vyas is an Associate Professor at the Chemical Engineering Department, MNIT Jaipur, India. He obtained his PhD from the erstwhile University of Roorkee, Roorkee (now IIT Roorkee). The major areas of his research are separation processes, environmental engineering, and catalysis and biotechnology. He has published/presented over 60 research papers in various international/national journals/conferences of repute, guided five PhDs, and over a dozen master’s theses. He has received several academic awards, including a “Khosla Commendation Certificate” from University of Roorkee, Roorkee, in 1996.
Nomenclature
- λ
wavelength, nm
- A
absorbance, Au
- Ce
equilibrium concentration of dye in the solution, mg/l
- Ci
concentration of ith component in the solution, mg/l
- qe
adsorption capacities at equilibrium, mg/g
- qi
adsorption capacities of ith component in solution, mg/g
- qm
Langmuir constant for maximum adsorption capacity of the adsorbent, mg/g
- KL
Langmuir constant for maximum adsorption capacity of the adsorbent, l/mg
- θ
constant representing fractional loading of adsorbate on adsorbent surface, dimensionless
- KF
capacity of the adsorbent constant for Freundlich, dimensionless
- n
intensity of adsorption constant for Freundlich, dimensionless
- x,y,z
multicomponent Freundlich adsorption constants, dimensionless
- Csj
equilibrium concentrations of dye for the jth component in the solution, mg/l
- Ctj
equilibrium concentrations of dye for the jth component in the solution at any time t, mg/l
- Dsj
solid intraparticle diffusion coefficient (or diffusivity), cm2/s
- kff
external mass transfer coefficient for the jth component, cm/s
- qj
average solid phase concentration of the jth component, mg/g
- r
radial position in the adsorbent particle, cm
- R
radius of the adsorbent particle, cm
- t
time, s
- uj
qijx, dimensionless solid phase concentration of jth component, dimensionless
- V
volume of solution, L
- x
r/R, dimensionless distance across the particle, dimensionless
- εP
adsorbent particle voidage, dimensionless
- ρs
adsorbent solid density, g/cm3
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