Educational Responses to the COVID-19 Outbreak in South Korea
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##
Published
Jul 15, 2020
Abstract
This paper investigates South Korean educational responses to school closures amid the COVID-19 pandemic, viewed with a risk and resilience framework. The COVID-19 crisis emerged and worsened right before the beginning of the new school year (March 2) in South Korea, and immediately led to students’ limited access to educational facilities. Well-established IT infrastructure and national curriculum facilitated the adoption of distance learning in South Korean schools. However, educational inequality due to family influences, and financial instabilities in early care and education settings disrupted students’ optimal learning during the changes. The situation brought both benefits and challenges to South Korean education system. The adoption of distance learning potentially downgraded overall educational quality, but it also provided opportunities to improve educational content and professional development for teachers, and to promote individualized learning for students. Despite some challenges, distance learning was an effective alternative for South Korean schools during the COVID-19 crisis. More practical and research efforts are needed in order to reduce educational inequality and maximize the effectiveness of distance learning.
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
Keywords
COVID-19, Distance Learning, School Closure, Educational Responses, Online Schooling, Resilience
References
Byun, S. (2014) Shadow education and academic success in Republic of Korea. In H. Park and K.-k. Kim (eds.), Korean education in changing economic and demographic contexts, Education in the Asia-Pacific Region: Issues, Concerns and Prospects, 23. Springer, pp. 39-58.
Byun, S., & Kim, K. (2010) Educational inequality in South Korea: The widen-ing socioeconomic gap in student achievement. Globalization, Changing Demographics, and Educational Chal-lenges in East Asia, 17, 155-182.
Choi, B. (2020, June 9) Choeseonsaengui gyodanilgi: Korona19 deunggyo gaehagui munjejeom [Mr. Choi’s teach-ing diary: Problems in COVID-19 school reopening]. Cheonji-Ilbo. Re-trieved from http://www.newscj.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=746298
Choi, Y. (2020) Korona19 ihu yu-agyoyukgigwanui gingeupdolbom jaengjeom [Issues related to emergency care services after COVID-19 in early care and education centers]. In D. Kang et al., Korona19, hangukgyoyugui jameul kkaeuda [COVID-19, awakening South Korean education]. Jisikgong-jackso, pp. 261-274.
Choi, Y., & Park, H. (2016) Shadow educa-tion and educational inequality in South Korea: Examining effect hetero-geneity of shadow education on middle school seniors’ achievement test scores. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 44, 22-32.
Han, S. (2020, March 13). 5ju swimyeon eorinijip yuchiwonbi hwanbul doena? [Are tuitions for daycare/kindergarten refundable after 5-week break?] News-desk. Retrieved from https://imnews.imbc.com/replay/2020/nwdesk/article/5673339_32524.html
Hwang, H. (2020, April 24) COVID-19 and education in South Korea. Worlds of Education. Retrieved from https://www.worldsofeducation.org/en/woe_homepage/woe_detail/ 16748/%E2%80%9Ccovid-19-and-education-in-south-korea%E2%80%9D-by-hyunsu-hwang
Jeon, D. (2020). Korona19 ihuui hakgyo gyoyuk [School education after COVID-19]. In D. Kang et al., Korona19, hangukgyoyugui jameul kkaeuda [COVID-19, awakening South Korean education]. Jisikgongjackso, pp. 103-110.
Ju, S., & Lee, J. (2020, May 24). Korona19 ttaemune deo keojin tgyoyukgyeokchat [Enlarged educational gap due to COVID-19]. Asia Today. Retrieved from https://www.asiatoday.co.kr/view.php?key=20200524010012841
Kang, B. (2020, April 17). Sueom jjalbeun-de gwaje gamdangbulga: Ollain gaehaginji teomma gaehaktinji [Short classes and uncapable assignments: Online schooling or ‘mom schooling’. Kukmin Ilbo. Retrieved from http://m.kmib.co.kr/view.asp?arcid=0924133702
Kang, D., Kim, K., Kim, M., Kim, C., Park, S., Boo, E., Yu, D., Lee, G., Lee, Y., Lee, Y., Jeon, D., Jeon, Y., Cho, K., Chae, J., Choi, Y., Choi, J., & Hwang, S. (2020). Korona19, hangukgyoyugui jameul kkaeuda [COVID-19, awakening South Korean education]. Jisikgongjackso.
Kang, T. (2020, April 21). Korona 19 hakseupsigan bantomak 4.4sigan: Ji-yeok/hakgyogan hakseupgyeokchae sagyoyung yanggeukwakkaji [COVID-19 learning hours become half, 4.4 hours: Educational gaps among residen-tial areas/schools and polarization of private education]. Veritas Alpha. Re-trieved from http://www.veritas-a.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=320722
Kim, S. (2020, June 4). Maseukeu gyosil, deowi samjunggo [Classrooms with masks, triple difficulties with hot weather]. Seoul Shinmoon. Retrieved from https://www.seoul.co.kr/news/newsView.php?id=20200605010019
Kim, T. [Taeyeon] (2020). Eorinijibui gamnyeombyeong daeeung hyeonhwang min gwaje [The current responses and challenges of daycare centers toward the infectious disease]. Isyubunseok, 160. Gyunggido Family and Women Re-search Institute.
Kim, T. [Taeyoung] (2020, May 27). Sinnan aideul / ginjanghan eoreundeul: Korona song chodeunghakgyo deunggyotgil [Excited children / nervous adults: Way to school amid COVID-19]. Seoul Economy Daily. Retrieved from https://www.sedaily.com/NewsVIew/1Z2WXEPK20
Kim, Y. (2020). Jeongchaekjean: Korona-19 song hangugui iltpgajong yangnim hyeonsil, wigiro kkeunnael geosinga, byeonhwaui gihoero mandeul geosinga [Policy proposal: Work-family balance amid COVID-19, will it end as a crisis or will become an opportunity to change]. Wolgan Gonggongjeongchaek, 174, 56-59.
Korea National Statistical Office (2020). Bodo jaryo: 2019nyeon chojunggo sagyoyukbijosa gyeolgwa [Press release: Results of Expenses on Private Educa-tion in Elementary, middle, and high schools in 2019]. https://kostat.go.kr/portal/korea/kor_nw/1/7/1/index.board?bmode=read&bSeq=&aSeq=381064&pageNo=1&rowNum=10&navCount=10&currPg=&searchInfo=&sTarget=title&sTxt=
Lee, E. (2020, May 22). “Amudo georidugi an ham”: Go3deul ‘deunggyo hugi’ro simgakseong allyeo [“No one keeps so-cial distancing”: 12th graders report the severity by ‘schooling review’]. YTN. Retrieved from https://www.ytn.co.kr/_ln/0103_202005221030020970
Lee, H. (2020, April 20). Chodeung 1~3hangnyeon oneul ollaingaehak: Chojunggo 540manmyeong wongyeok-sueom sidae [Online schooling begins for first to third grades today: An era of distance learning for 5.4 million. Yeo-nhap News. Retrieved from https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20200417063100004
Lee, J. (2020, May 22). Sasang choyuui ollain gaehak, keullaudeuyeotgie ganeunghaetdeon il [First-time-ever online schooling, only possible because of the Cloud]. Digital Daily. Retrieved from http://www.ddaily.co.kr/news/article/?no=195956
Lee, S. (2020, April 3). Seumateu gigi eom-neun haksaeng chotpjungtpgo 22man3000myeong: Jeongbu, gaehage matchwo daeyeo [223 thousand primary and secondary students without smart devices: The government rent upon the beginning of online schooling]. Kyunghyang News. Retrieved from http://news.khan.co.kr/kh_news/khan_art_view.html?art_id=202004032113005
Lee, S., & Chung, H. (2016) The limitations of universal free childcare policy and the rational management strategies of private childcare centers. Korea Journal of Child Care and Education, 100, 249-271.
L Lee, W., & Shin, H. (2020, May 26). Chogyo gaehakttaen gingeupdolbom jungdan: Gyoyukaengjeong eotbakja hakbumo hollan [Cessation of emergen-cy care services when elementary schools open: Offbeat in education ad-ministration, confusions among par-ents]. Kyeongin Edu. Retrieved from https://www.kyeonginedu.com/mobile/article.html?no=23923
Lee, Y. (2020). Eontaekteu sidaeui gyosil, dasi sueobeul saenggakada [Classrooms in the era of untact, rethink lessons]. In D. Kang et al., Korona19, hangukgyoyu-gui jameul kkaeuda [COVID-19, awak-ening South Korean education]. Jisik-gongjackso, pp. 38-47.
Lengnick-Hall, C. A., Beck, T. E., & Leng-nick-Hall, M. L. (2011) Developing a capacity for organizational resilience through strategic human resource man-agement. Human Resource Management Review, 21, 243-255.
Ministry of Education (2020a). Bodo jaryo: Cheoeumeuro cho, jung, go, teung sin-hakgi ollain gaehang silsi [Press release: First-time-ever online schooling]. Re-trieved from http://www.moe.go.kr/boardCnts/fileDown.do?m=0301&s=english&fileSeq=ec08ddf60a1f11be3cca1e8e9bff39d6
Ministry of Education (2020b). Bodo jaryo: Itaewon gwallyeon gamnyeomhwaksane ttareun deunggyosueom iljeong jojeong [Press release: Adjustment of schooling beginning due to spread of infection in Itaewon]. Retrieved from http://www.moe.go.kr/boardCnts/fileDown.do?m=03&s=english&fileSeq=246def43203920e879543ac556d35a01
Ministry of Education (2020c). Bodo jaryo: Chodeunghakgyo 1, 2hangnyeon wongyeoksueop, seumateugigi eop-seodo gwaenchanayo [Press release: Online schooling for first and second graders, it’s okay without smart devic-es]. Retrieved from https://www.moe.go.kr/boardCnts/view.do?boardID=294&boardSeq=80214&lev=0&searchType=null&statusYN=W&page=1&s=moe&m=020402&opType=N
Ministry of Education (2020d). Bodo jaryo: Go3 deunggyo daebi, haksaeng an-jeoneul wihan haksa unyeongbangan gongyu [Press release: Sharing school affairs for student security preparing for 12th graders’ school reopening]. Re-trieved from https://moe.go.kr/boardCnts/view.do?boardID=294&boardSeq=80606&lev=0&searchType=null&statusYN=W&page=1&s=moe&m=020402&opType=N
Ministry of Health and Welfare (2020a). Bodo jaryo: Eorinijim hyuwongigan yeonjang [Press release: Extended clo-sure of daycare centers]. Retrieved from http://www.mohw.go.kr/react/modules/down-load.jsp?BOARD_ID=140&CONT_SEQ=353824&FILE_SEQ=283913
Ministry of Health and Welfare (2020b). Bodo jaryo: Gimgangnim chagwan, eo-rinijim bangmunhae korona19 daeeung gyeongnyeo [Press release: Vice Minis-ter Kim Gang-lip visits daycare centers to encourage responses to COVID-19]. Retrieved from http://www.mohw.go.kr/react/modules/down-load.jsp?BOARD_ID=140&CONT_SEQ=354236&FILE_SEQ=286641
Nam, Y. (2020, April 10). Ollaingaehang chulseongnyul 98.8%, deunggyo gaehang ttaeboda nopa [Online attend-ance rate 98.8%: Higher than regular school days]. Joongang Ilbo. https://news.joins.com/article/23751913
News1 (2020, April 21). Hakgyotpgyosa ttara ollain sueom jil cheonchaman-byeol: Sotong noryeong bujokdo [Vari-ous educational quality depending on teachers/schools: Limitation in efforts for communication]. Donga Ilbo. Re-trieved from https://www.donga.com/news/Society/article/all/20200421/100745227/1
Oh, W. (2020, April 11). 4wolmal deunggyo ganeungseong kkeonaen yueunhye: Hwakjin 50myeongiha, iljuil jisoksi [Yoo Eunhye talks about school reopening in late April: If the number of new cases per day maintains under 50 for a week]. Joongang Ilbo. Re-trieved from https://news.joins.com/article/23752294#none
Oh, Y. (2020, April 22). Wongyeoksueom chulseongnyul=ollain gaehang seong-gong? … Geulsse [Online attendance rate=Success? … Well] Chosun Biz. Re-trieved from https://biz.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2020/04/22/2020042202651.html
Oh, Y. (2020, April 23). Go3 10myeong jung 7myeong, wongyeoksueobe bu-jeongjeok: Jipjung andoego sueopjil tteoreojyeo [7 out of 10 12th graders are against online schooling: Difficult to focus and lower quality. Chosun Biz. Retrieved from https://biz.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2020/04/23/2020042301452.html
Park, H. (2020, April 16). 400manmyeong ollain gaehakaja gotgotseo jeopsong ji-yeon: Itongsadeul mang sokdo nopigo aem muryo jegonghamyeo jiwon naseo [4 millions’ online schooling led to dif-ficulties in connection: Wireless pro-viders improved the speed and provided free applications to support]. Joongang Ilbo. Retrieved from https://news.joins.com/article/23756173#none
Seth, M. J. (2002). Education fever: Society, politics, and the pursuit of schooling in South Korea. University of Hawai’i Press.
Shin, H. (2020, May 2). Jikjangin 10myeong jung 6myeong korona sataero jaetaekgeunmu gyeongheom: 68%ga manjok [6 out of 10 workers experi-enced working from home due to the COVID-19 crisis: 68% satisfied]. Edai-ly. Retrieved from https://www.edaily.co.kr/news/read?newsId=01528486625764984&mediaCodeNo=257>rack=sok
Shin, J. (2020, April 6). Malppunin ollain gaehak: Daebubun hakgyoneun EBS gangui teureojugi [Lip-deep online schooling: Most schools show EBS lec-tures]. Edaily. Retrieved from https://www.edaily.co.kr/news/read?newsId=01200486625733496&mediaCodeNo=257>rack=sok
Shin, Y. (2020, April 9). Sasang cheon ol-lain gaehage: Gyoyung hyeonjang sueom bulman auseong [First-time-ever online schooling: Educational field are complaining about classes]. New Daily. Retrieved from http://www.newdaily.co.kr/site/data/html/2020/04/09/2020040900273.html
Silver, L. (2019, February 5) Smartphone ownership is growing rapidly around the world, but not always equally. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/ glob-al/2019/02/05/smartphone-ownership-is-growing-rapidly-around-the-world-but-not-always-equally/
Wan, W., & Johnson, C. Y. (2020, May 27) Coronavirus may never go away, even with a vaccine. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/ health/2020/05/27/coronavirus-endemic/
Weber, M. (2020, July 4) 12 inconvenient truths about schools and kids that should be considered before reopening – from a teacher. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2020/07/03/12-inconvenient-truths-about-schools-kids-that-should-be-considered-before-reopening-by-teacher/
Yoo, S. (2020, May 10). Saheul nameun go3 deunggyo, idaero jeongmal gwaenchansseumnikka [Three more days until 12th graders’ school reopen-ing: Are we okay?] Chosun Ilbo. Re-trieved from https://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2020/05/10/2020051001949.html
Byun, S., & Kim, K. (2010) Educational inequality in South Korea: The widen-ing socioeconomic gap in student achievement. Globalization, Changing Demographics, and Educational Chal-lenges in East Asia, 17, 155-182.
Choi, B. (2020, June 9) Choeseonsaengui gyodanilgi: Korona19 deunggyo gaehagui munjejeom [Mr. Choi’s teach-ing diary: Problems in COVID-19 school reopening]. Cheonji-Ilbo. Re-trieved from http://www.newscj.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=746298
Choi, Y. (2020) Korona19 ihu yu-agyoyukgigwanui gingeupdolbom jaengjeom [Issues related to emergency care services after COVID-19 in early care and education centers]. In D. Kang et al., Korona19, hangukgyoyugui jameul kkaeuda [COVID-19, awakening South Korean education]. Jisikgong-jackso, pp. 261-274.
Choi, Y., & Park, H. (2016) Shadow educa-tion and educational inequality in South Korea: Examining effect hetero-geneity of shadow education on middle school seniors’ achievement test scores. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 44, 22-32.
Han, S. (2020, March 13). 5ju swimyeon eorinijip yuchiwonbi hwanbul doena? [Are tuitions for daycare/kindergarten refundable after 5-week break?] News-desk. Retrieved from https://imnews.imbc.com/replay/2020/nwdesk/article/5673339_32524.html
Hwang, H. (2020, April 24) COVID-19 and education in South Korea. Worlds of Education. Retrieved from https://www.worldsofeducation.org/en/woe_homepage/woe_detail/ 16748/%E2%80%9Ccovid-19-and-education-in-south-korea%E2%80%9D-by-hyunsu-hwang
Jeon, D. (2020). Korona19 ihuui hakgyo gyoyuk [School education after COVID-19]. In D. Kang et al., Korona19, hangukgyoyugui jameul kkaeuda [COVID-19, awakening South Korean education]. Jisikgongjackso, pp. 103-110.
Ju, S., & Lee, J. (2020, May 24). Korona19 ttaemune deo keojin tgyoyukgyeokchat [Enlarged educational gap due to COVID-19]. Asia Today. Retrieved from https://www.asiatoday.co.kr/view.php?key=20200524010012841
Kang, B. (2020, April 17). Sueom jjalbeun-de gwaje gamdangbulga: Ollain gaehaginji teomma gaehaktinji [Short classes and uncapable assignments: Online schooling or ‘mom schooling’. Kukmin Ilbo. Retrieved from http://m.kmib.co.kr/view.asp?arcid=0924133702
Kang, D., Kim, K., Kim, M., Kim, C., Park, S., Boo, E., Yu, D., Lee, G., Lee, Y., Lee, Y., Jeon, D., Jeon, Y., Cho, K., Chae, J., Choi, Y., Choi, J., & Hwang, S. (2020). Korona19, hangukgyoyugui jameul kkaeuda [COVID-19, awakening South Korean education]. Jisikgongjackso.
Kang, T. (2020, April 21). Korona 19 hakseupsigan bantomak 4.4sigan: Ji-yeok/hakgyogan hakseupgyeokchae sagyoyung yanggeukwakkaji [COVID-19 learning hours become half, 4.4 hours: Educational gaps among residen-tial areas/schools and polarization of private education]. Veritas Alpha. Re-trieved from http://www.veritas-a.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=320722
Kim, S. (2020, June 4). Maseukeu gyosil, deowi samjunggo [Classrooms with masks, triple difficulties with hot weather]. Seoul Shinmoon. Retrieved from https://www.seoul.co.kr/news/newsView.php?id=20200605010019
Kim, T. [Taeyeon] (2020). Eorinijibui gamnyeombyeong daeeung hyeonhwang min gwaje [The current responses and challenges of daycare centers toward the infectious disease]. Isyubunseok, 160. Gyunggido Family and Women Re-search Institute.
Kim, T. [Taeyoung] (2020, May 27). Sinnan aideul / ginjanghan eoreundeul: Korona song chodeunghakgyo deunggyotgil [Excited children / nervous adults: Way to school amid COVID-19]. Seoul Economy Daily. Retrieved from https://www.sedaily.com/NewsVIew/1Z2WXEPK20
Kim, Y. (2020). Jeongchaekjean: Korona-19 song hangugui iltpgajong yangnim hyeonsil, wigiro kkeunnael geosinga, byeonhwaui gihoero mandeul geosinga [Policy proposal: Work-family balance amid COVID-19, will it end as a crisis or will become an opportunity to change]. Wolgan Gonggongjeongchaek, 174, 56-59.
Korea National Statistical Office (2020). Bodo jaryo: 2019nyeon chojunggo sagyoyukbijosa gyeolgwa [Press release: Results of Expenses on Private Educa-tion in Elementary, middle, and high schools in 2019]. https://kostat.go.kr/portal/korea/kor_nw/1/7/1/index.board?bmode=read&bSeq=&aSeq=381064&pageNo=1&rowNum=10&navCount=10&currPg=&searchInfo=&sTarget=title&sTxt=
Lee, E. (2020, May 22). “Amudo georidugi an ham”: Go3deul ‘deunggyo hugi’ro simgakseong allyeo [“No one keeps so-cial distancing”: 12th graders report the severity by ‘schooling review’]. YTN. Retrieved from https://www.ytn.co.kr/_ln/0103_202005221030020970
Lee, H. (2020, April 20). Chodeung 1~3hangnyeon oneul ollaingaehak: Chojunggo 540manmyeong wongyeok-sueom sidae [Online schooling begins for first to third grades today: An era of distance learning for 5.4 million. Yeo-nhap News. Retrieved from https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20200417063100004
Lee, J. (2020, May 22). Sasang choyuui ollain gaehak, keullaudeuyeotgie ganeunghaetdeon il [First-time-ever online schooling, only possible because of the Cloud]. Digital Daily. Retrieved from http://www.ddaily.co.kr/news/article/?no=195956
Lee, S. (2020, April 3). Seumateu gigi eom-neun haksaeng chotpjungtpgo 22man3000myeong: Jeongbu, gaehage matchwo daeyeo [223 thousand primary and secondary students without smart devices: The government rent upon the beginning of online schooling]. Kyunghyang News. Retrieved from http://news.khan.co.kr/kh_news/khan_art_view.html?art_id=202004032113005
Lee, S., & Chung, H. (2016) The limitations of universal free childcare policy and the rational management strategies of private childcare centers. Korea Journal of Child Care and Education, 100, 249-271.
L Lee, W., & Shin, H. (2020, May 26). Chogyo gaehakttaen gingeupdolbom jungdan: Gyoyukaengjeong eotbakja hakbumo hollan [Cessation of emergen-cy care services when elementary schools open: Offbeat in education ad-ministration, confusions among par-ents]. Kyeongin Edu. Retrieved from https://www.kyeonginedu.com/mobile/article.html?no=23923
Lee, Y. (2020). Eontaekteu sidaeui gyosil, dasi sueobeul saenggakada [Classrooms in the era of untact, rethink lessons]. In D. Kang et al., Korona19, hangukgyoyu-gui jameul kkaeuda [COVID-19, awak-ening South Korean education]. Jisik-gongjackso, pp. 38-47.
Lengnick-Hall, C. A., Beck, T. E., & Leng-nick-Hall, M. L. (2011) Developing a capacity for organizational resilience through strategic human resource man-agement. Human Resource Management Review, 21, 243-255.
Ministry of Education (2020a). Bodo jaryo: Cheoeumeuro cho, jung, go, teung sin-hakgi ollain gaehang silsi [Press release: First-time-ever online schooling]. Re-trieved from http://www.moe.go.kr/boardCnts/fileDown.do?m=0301&s=english&fileSeq=ec08ddf60a1f11be3cca1e8e9bff39d6
Ministry of Education (2020b). Bodo jaryo: Itaewon gwallyeon gamnyeomhwaksane ttareun deunggyosueom iljeong jojeong [Press release: Adjustment of schooling beginning due to spread of infection in Itaewon]. Retrieved from http://www.moe.go.kr/boardCnts/fileDown.do?m=03&s=english&fileSeq=246def43203920e879543ac556d35a01
Ministry of Education (2020c). Bodo jaryo: Chodeunghakgyo 1, 2hangnyeon wongyeoksueop, seumateugigi eop-seodo gwaenchanayo [Press release: Online schooling for first and second graders, it’s okay without smart devic-es]. Retrieved from https://www.moe.go.kr/boardCnts/view.do?boardID=294&boardSeq=80214&lev=0&searchType=null&statusYN=W&page=1&s=moe&m=020402&opType=N
Ministry of Education (2020d). Bodo jaryo: Go3 deunggyo daebi, haksaeng an-jeoneul wihan haksa unyeongbangan gongyu [Press release: Sharing school affairs for student security preparing for 12th graders’ school reopening]. Re-trieved from https://moe.go.kr/boardCnts/view.do?boardID=294&boardSeq=80606&lev=0&searchType=null&statusYN=W&page=1&s=moe&m=020402&opType=N
Ministry of Health and Welfare (2020a). Bodo jaryo: Eorinijim hyuwongigan yeonjang [Press release: Extended clo-sure of daycare centers]. Retrieved from http://www.mohw.go.kr/react/modules/down-load.jsp?BOARD_ID=140&CONT_SEQ=353824&FILE_SEQ=283913
Ministry of Health and Welfare (2020b). Bodo jaryo: Gimgangnim chagwan, eo-rinijim bangmunhae korona19 daeeung gyeongnyeo [Press release: Vice Minis-ter Kim Gang-lip visits daycare centers to encourage responses to COVID-19]. Retrieved from http://www.mohw.go.kr/react/modules/down-load.jsp?BOARD_ID=140&CONT_SEQ=354236&FILE_SEQ=286641
Nam, Y. (2020, April 10). Ollaingaehang chulseongnyul 98.8%, deunggyo gaehang ttaeboda nopa [Online attend-ance rate 98.8%: Higher than regular school days]. Joongang Ilbo. https://news.joins.com/article/23751913
News1 (2020, April 21). Hakgyotpgyosa ttara ollain sueom jil cheonchaman-byeol: Sotong noryeong bujokdo [Vari-ous educational quality depending on teachers/schools: Limitation in efforts for communication]. Donga Ilbo. Re-trieved from https://www.donga.com/news/Society/article/all/20200421/100745227/1
Oh, W. (2020, April 11). 4wolmal deunggyo ganeungseong kkeonaen yueunhye: Hwakjin 50myeongiha, iljuil jisoksi [Yoo Eunhye talks about school reopening in late April: If the number of new cases per day maintains under 50 for a week]. Joongang Ilbo. Re-trieved from https://news.joins.com/article/23752294#none
Oh, Y. (2020, April 22). Wongyeoksueom chulseongnyul=ollain gaehang seong-gong? … Geulsse [Online attendance rate=Success? … Well] Chosun Biz. Re-trieved from https://biz.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2020/04/22/2020042202651.html
Oh, Y. (2020, April 23). Go3 10myeong jung 7myeong, wongyeoksueobe bu-jeongjeok: Jipjung andoego sueopjil tteoreojyeo [7 out of 10 12th graders are against online schooling: Difficult to focus and lower quality. Chosun Biz. Retrieved from https://biz.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2020/04/23/2020042301452.html
Park, H. (2020, April 16). 400manmyeong ollain gaehakaja gotgotseo jeopsong ji-yeon: Itongsadeul mang sokdo nopigo aem muryo jegonghamyeo jiwon naseo [4 millions’ online schooling led to dif-ficulties in connection: Wireless pro-viders improved the speed and provided free applications to support]. Joongang Ilbo. Retrieved from https://news.joins.com/article/23756173#none
Seth, M. J. (2002). Education fever: Society, politics, and the pursuit of schooling in South Korea. University of Hawai’i Press.
Shin, H. (2020, May 2). Jikjangin 10myeong jung 6myeong korona sataero jaetaekgeunmu gyeongheom: 68%ga manjok [6 out of 10 workers experi-enced working from home due to the COVID-19 crisis: 68% satisfied]. Edai-ly. Retrieved from https://www.edaily.co.kr/news/read?newsId=01528486625764984&mediaCodeNo=257>rack=sok
Shin, J. (2020, April 6). Malppunin ollain gaehak: Daebubun hakgyoneun EBS gangui teureojugi [Lip-deep online schooling: Most schools show EBS lec-tures]. Edaily. Retrieved from https://www.edaily.co.kr/news/read?newsId=01200486625733496&mediaCodeNo=257>rack=sok
Shin, Y. (2020, April 9). Sasang cheon ol-lain gaehage: Gyoyung hyeonjang sueom bulman auseong [First-time-ever online schooling: Educational field are complaining about classes]. New Daily. Retrieved from http://www.newdaily.co.kr/site/data/html/2020/04/09/2020040900273.html
Silver, L. (2019, February 5) Smartphone ownership is growing rapidly around the world, but not always equally. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/ glob-al/2019/02/05/smartphone-ownership-is-growing-rapidly-around-the-world-but-not-always-equally/
Wan, W., & Johnson, C. Y. (2020, May 27) Coronavirus may never go away, even with a vaccine. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/ health/2020/05/27/coronavirus-endemic/
Weber, M. (2020, July 4) 12 inconvenient truths about schools and kids that should be considered before reopening – from a teacher. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2020/07/03/12-inconvenient-truths-about-schools-kids-that-should-be-considered-before-reopening-by-teacher/
Yoo, S. (2020, May 10). Saheul nameun go3 deunggyo, idaero jeongmal gwaenchansseumnikka [Three more days until 12th graders’ school reopen-ing: Are we okay?] Chosun Ilbo. Re-trieved from https://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2020/05/10/2020051001949.html
How to Cite
Byun, S., & Slavin, R. E. (2020). Educational Responses to the COVID-19 Outbreak in South Korea. Best Evidence in Chinese Education, 5(2), 665–680. https://doi.org/10.15354/bece.20.or030
Section
Original Article
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.