Abstract
The relation between the oxygen adsorption and the voltage dependence of the resistor (VDR effect) in (Sr, Ca)TiO3−x based ceramics has been investigated. The nonlinearity of the voltage-current characteristics increased with increasing the barrier height, which is thought to be generated by the oxygen chemisorption. Acceptor type trap levels were detected by means of a zero biased DLTS technique at high temperatures. These interfacial energy levels changed with reoxidizing temperatures, and the change can be explained by the degradation of the chernisorbed oxygen. The high temperature type of the chemisorbed oxygen as O2− and O is relatively stable due to the strong pinning effect of trapped electrons, with reoxidizing anneals of grain surfaces above the oxidation temperature, and it contributes greatly to the VDR effect. It is concluded that energy barriers are caused by the interface states generated by the chemisorbed oxygen on grain surfaces and that they determine the VDR effect.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
N. Yamaoka, M. Masuyama, and M. Fukui, Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull. 62, 698 (1983).
D. Kaino, J. Funayama, and N. Yamaoka, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 24, Suppl. 24-3, 120 (1985).
M. Fujimoto, Y-M. Chiang, A. Roshko, and W. D. Kingery, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 68, C-300 (1985).
M. Matsuoka, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 10, 736 (1971).
L. M. Levinson and H. R. Philipp, J. Appl. Phys. 46, 1332 (1975).
K. Mukae, K. Tsuda, and I. Nagasawa, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 16, 1361 (1977).
K. Eda, J. Appl. Phys. 49, 2964 (1978).
J. Bernacconi, S. Strässler, B. Knecht, H. P. Klein, and A. Menth, Solid State Commun. 21, 867 (1977).
G. E. Pike and C. H. Seager, J. Appl. Phys. 50, 3414 (1979).
R. Einzinger, Appl. Surf. Sci. 3, 340 (1979).
G.D. Mahan, L. M. Levinson, and H.R. Philipp, J. Appl. Phys. 50, 2799 (1979).
G. E. Pike, S. R. Kurtz, and P. L. Gourley, J. Appl. Phys. 57, 5512 (1985).
R. Salmon, J. P. Bonnet, M. Graciet, M. Onillon, and P. Hagen-muller, Solid State Commun. 34, 301 (1980).
E. Sonder, M.M. Austin, and D. L. Kinser, J. Appl. Phys. 54, 3566 (1983).
F.A. Selim, T. K. Gupta, P. L. Hower, and W. G. Carlson, J. Appl. Phys. 51, 765 (1980).
M. H. Sukkar, H. L. Tuller, and K. H. Johnson, in Grain Boundaries in Semiconductors, edited by H. J. Leamy, G. E. Pike, and C. H. Seager (North-Holland, New York, 1982), p. 141.
L. M. Levinson, in Grain Boundaries in Semiconductors, edited by H.J. Leamy, G.E. Pike, and C.H. Seager (North-Holland, New York, 1982), p. 363.
S. Fujitsu, H. Toyoda, and H. Yanagida, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 70, C-71 (1987).
S. Fujitsu, H. Toyoda, K. Koumoto, H. Yanagida, M. Chikazawa, and T. Kanazawa, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 61, 1979 (1988).
S. Fujitsu, H. Toyoda, and H. Yanagida, J. Ceram. Soc. Jpn. 96, 119 (1988). (in Japanese)
S. Fujitsu, H. Toyoda, and H. Yanagida, Solid State Ionics 32/33, 482 (1989).
K. Tsuda and K. Mukae, J. Ceram. Soc. Jpn. 97, 1211 (1989). (in Japanese)
S. Fujitsu, H. Toyoda, and H. Yanagida, to be published in J. Am. Ceram. Soc.
J. P. Gambino, W. D. Kingery, G. E. Pike, H. R. Philipp, and L.M. Levinson, J. Appl. Phys. 61, 2571 (1987).
D.L. Losee, J. Appl. Phys. 46, 2204 (1975).
J.F. Cordaro, Y. Shim, and J.E. May, J. Appl. Phys. 60, 4186 (1986).
K. Kobayashi, M. Takata, Y. Fujimoto, and S. Okamoto, J. Appl. Phys. 60, 4191 (1986).
Y. Shim and J. F. Cordaro, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 71, 184 (1988).
D.V. Lang, J. Appl. Phys. 45, 3023 (1979).
K. Tsuda and K. Mukae, in High Tech Ceramics, edited by P. Vincenzini (Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam, 1987), Part B, p. 1781.
M. Fujimoto and W.D. Kingery, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 68, 169 (1985).
M. Fujimoto, J. Tanaka, and S. Shirasaki, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 27, 1162 (1988).
N-H. Chan, R.K. Sharma, and D.M. Smyth, J. Electrochem. Soc. 128, 1762 (1981).
K. Mukae, K. Tsuda, and I. Nagasawa, J. Appl. Phys. 50, 4475 (1979).
C. Yu, Y. Shimizu, H. Arai, and S. Sheng, J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 8, 765 (1989).
T. Takeda and A. Watanabe, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 21, 267 (1966).
M. Che and A. J. Tench, in Advances in Catalysis, edited by D. D. Eley, H. Pines, and P. B. Weisz (Academic Press, 1982), Vol. 31, p. 77.
M. Che and A. J. Tench, in Advances in Catalysis, edited by D. D. Eley, H. Pines, and P. B. Weisz (Academic Press, 1983), Vol. 32, p.1.
J.O. Cope and I.D. Campbell, J. Chem. Soc, Faraday Trans. 1, 69, 1 (1971).
R.C. Bray, G.N. Mautner, E.M. Fielden, and C.I. Carle, in Superoxide and Superoxide Dismutases, edited by A. M. Michelson, J. M. McCord, and I. Fridovich (Academic Press, 1977), p. 61.
S. Schlick and L. Kevan, J. Chem. Phys. 72, 784 (1980).
M. Avudaithai and T. R. N. Kutty, Mater. Res. Bull. XXIII, 1675 (1988).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Nakano, Y., Ichinose, N. Oxygen adsorption and VDR effect in (Sr, Ca)TiO3−x based ceramics. Journal of Materials Research 5, 2910–2922 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1557/JMR.1990.2910
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1557/JMR.1990.2910