Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Residual stresses in spray-formed A2 tool steel

  • Articles
  • Published:
Journal of Materials Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The objective of this work was to investigate the fundamental factors that govern the formation and magnitude of residual stresses in A2 tool steel fabricated using spray-forming techniques. To that effect, a finite-element method (FEM) was performed by using a commercial code, ABAQUS, to solve for the temperature and displacement fields. Moreover, the residual stresses in the spray-formed materials were measured using x-ray diffraction to compare the FEM results with experimentation. Two types of substrate material, copper and Rescor™ 780 cer-cast ceramic, were used to investigate the influence of heat conduction on residual stress in the preforms. Relatively good agreement was found between experimentation and theory. The results show that the residual stress varies greatly with the position in deposited preform and that heat-transfer coefficient at the interface of spray-formed material/substrate affects the distribution and magnitude of the residual stresses significantly.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. X. Liang and E.J. Lavernia, JOM 45, 50 (1993).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. X. Liang and E.J. Lavernia, Mater. Sci. Eng. A161, 221 (1993).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. B. Li, W. Cai, and E.J. Lavernia, J. Mater. Synth. Process. 4, 35 (1996).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. J-P. Delplanque, W.D. Cai, E.J. Lavernia, and R.H. Rangel, Acta Metall. Mater. 45, 5233 (1997).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. E-S. Lee, W-J. Park, J.Y. Jung, and S. Ahn, Metall. Trans. A 29A, 1395 (1998).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. K.M. McHugh, in Solidification 1998, edited by S.P. Marsh, J.A. Dantzig, R. Trivedi, W. Hofmeister, M.G. Chu, E.J. Lavernia, and J.H. Chun (TMS, Warrendale, PA, 1998), p. 427.

    Google Scholar 

  7. P. Kapranos, D.H. Kirkwood, and C.M. Sellars, J. Phys. IV, Colloq. 3, 835 (1993).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Y. Namba, M. Saito, T. Matsushita, and H. Takigawa, in Spray Forming 2-Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Spray Forming, Swansea, United Kingdom, edited by John V. Wood (Woodhead, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 1993), p. 221.

    Google Scholar 

  9. L.S. Penn, R.C.T. Chou, A.S.D. Wang, and W.K. Binienda, J. Comp. Mater. 23, 570 (1989).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. S. Ho and E.J. Lavernia, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 27A, 3241 (1996).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. S. Ho and E.J. Lavernia, J. Mater. Synth. Process. 3, 403 (1995).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. S. Ho and E.J. Lavernia, Scr. Mater. 34, 1911 (1996).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. S. Ho and E.J. Lavernia, Scr. Mater. 34, 527 (1996).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. S. Ho and E.J. Lavernia, Metall. Mater. Trans. B 28B, 969 (1997).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. X. Liang and E.J. Lavernia, Scr. Metall. Mater. 29, 353 (1993).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. ABAQUS User’s Manual, Version 5.4 (Hibbitt, Karlsson and Sorensen, Pawtucket, RI, 1994).

  17. E.J. Lavernia and Y. Wu, Spray Atomization and Deposition (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1996), Chap. 2.

    Google Scholar 

  18. B.D. Cullity, Elements of X-ray Diffraction (Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1956), Chap. 17.

    Google Scholar 

  19. ABAQUS Theory Manual, Version 5.4 (Hibbitt, Karlsson and Sorensen, Pawtucket, RI, 1994).

  20. P. Mathur, D. Apelian, and A. Lawley, Acta Metall. 37, 429 (1989).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. E.A. Brandes and G.B. Brook, Smithells Metals Reference Book (Butterworths-Heinemann, Oxford, United Kingdom, 1992), p. 14–33.

    Google Scholar 

  22. S. Annavarapu, D. Apelian, and A. Lawley, Metall. Trans. A 21A, 3237 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. E.J. Lavernia, Int. J. Rapid Solidif. 5, 47 (1989).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. G-X. Wang and E.F. Matthys, in Proceedings of the 10th International Heat Transfer Conference, Brighton, United Kingdom, edited by G.F. Hewitt (IChemE, United Kingdom, 1994), Vol. 4, p. 169.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  25. P. Mathur, D. Apelian, and A. Lawley, Acta Metall. 37, 429 (1989).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. B.P. Bewlay and B. Cantor, J. Mater. Res. 6, 1433 (1991).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. H. Liu, E.J. Lavernia, and R.H. Rangel, Acta Metall. Mater. 43, 2053 (1995).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. G-X. Wang and E.F. Matthys, Mater. Sci. Eng. A136, 85 (1991).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. P. Mathur, S. Annavarapu, D. Apelian, and A. Lawley, JOM 12, 23 (1989).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. C.G. Levi. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 19A, 699 (1988).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. A.F. Mills, Heat Transfer (Richard D. Irwin, Homewood, IL, and Boston, MA, 1992), Chap. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  32. X. Liang and E.J. Lavernia, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 25A, 2341 (1994).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. P. Mathur, S. Annavarapu, D. Apelian, and A. Lawley, Mater. Sci. Eng. A142, 261 (1991).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. B. Taljat, B. Radhakrishnan, and T. Zacharia, Mater. Sci. Eng. A246, 45 (1998).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. P.D. Harvey, Engineering Properties of Steel (American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH, 1982), p. 446.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697, USA

    H. M. Hu & E. J. Lavernia

  2. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ROSAM, KAIST, Taejon, 305-701, Korea

    Z. H. Lee

  3. Materials Systems Reliability Department, Ford Research Laboratory, Dearborn, Michigan, 48121, USA

    D. R. White

Authors
  1. H. M. Hu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. E. J. Lavernia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Z. H. Lee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. D. R. White
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Hu, H.M., Lavernia, E.J., Lee, Z.H. et al. Residual stresses in spray-formed A2 tool steel. Journal of Materials Research 14, 4521–4530 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1557/JMR.1999.0614

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1557/JMR.1999.0614

Search

Navigation