Abstract
A macroscopic-scale depth-sensing indentation apparatus with the ability to be mounted on an inverted microscope for in situ observation of contact events was calibrated using the Oliver and Pharr [J. Mater. Res. 7, 1564 (1992)] procedure with a two-parameter area function. The calibrated Vickers tip was used to determine the projected contact area at peak load and the modulus and hardness of a variety of non-metallic materials through deconvolution of the measured load-displacement traces. The predicted contact area was found to be identical to the measured area of residual contact impressions. Furthermore, for transparent ceramic materials the projected contact area during loading was found to be the same as the area measured from the diagonal of post-indentation residual contact impressions. The modulus and hardness values deconvoluted from the load–displacement traces were compared with independent measurements. The effects of sample clamping, column compliance, and tip radius on the load–displacement data and inferred materials properties were also examined. It is suggested that the simplicity of instrumentation and operation, combined with the ability to observe indentations optically, even in situ, makes macroscopic-scale depth-sensing indentation ideal for fundamental studies of contact mechanics.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
J.B. Pethica, R. Hutchings, and W.C. Oliver, Philos. Mag. A 48, 593 (1983).
R.F. Cook and G.M. Pharr, J. Hard Mater. 5, 179 (1994).
B.J. Briscoe, K.S. Sebastian, and S.K. Sinha, Philos. Mag. A 74, 1159 (1996).
J. Menčik, D. Munz, E. Quandt, E.R. Weppelmann, and M.V. Swain, J. Mater. Res. 12, 2475 (1997).
T.F. Page, W.C. Oliver, and C.J. McHargue, J. Mater. Res. 7, 450 (1992).
W.C. Oliver and G.M. Pharr, J. Mater. Res. 7, 1564 (1992).
I.N. Sneddon, Int. J. Engng. Sci. 3, 47 (1965).
J. Thurn and R.F. Cook, J. Mater. Res. 17, 1143 (2002).
F. Fröhlich, P. Grau, and W. Grellmann, Phys. Status Solidi (a) 42, 79 (1977).
J.L. Loubet, J.M. Georges, D. Marchesini, and G. Meille, J. Tribol. 106, 43 (1984).
J.E. Ritter, T.J. Lardner, L. Rosenfeld, and M.R.Lin, J. Appl. Phys. 66, 3626 (1989).
G.M. Pharr and R.F. Cook, J. Mater. Res. 5, 847 (1990).
R.F. Cook and G.M. Pharr, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 73, 787 (1990).
W. Mason, P.F. Johnson, and J.R. Varner, J. Mater. Res. 7, 3112 (1992).
M. Sakai, Acta Metall. Mater. 41, 1751 (1993).
B.J. Briscoe and K.S. Sebastian, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 452, 439 (1996).
J. Gubicza, A. Juhász, P. Tasnádi, P. Arató, and G. Vörös, J. Mater. Sci. 31, 3109 (1996).
S. Suresh, J. Alcalá, and A.E. Giannakopoulos, MIT Case No. 7280, Technology Licensing Office, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, U.S. Patent filed 1996.
J. Alcalá, A.E. Giannakopoulos, and S. Suresh, J. Mater. Res. 13, 1390 (1998).
H. Öberg, P-L. Larsson, and O. Magnius, J. Test. Eval. 29, 50 (2001).
B.R. Lawn, A.G. Evans, and D.B. Marshall, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 63, 574 (1980).
D.B. Marshall and A.G. Evans, J. Appl. Phys. 56, 2632 (1984).
B.R. Lawn and V.R. Howes, J. Mater. Sci. 16, 2745 (1981).
D.B. Marshall, T. Noma, and A.G. Evans, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 65, C175 (1982).
R.F. Cook, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 77, 1263 (1994).
A.E.H. Love, Quarterly Journal of Mathematics 10, (1939).
G.G. Bilodeau, J. Appl. Mech. 59, 519 (1992).
D. Tabor, The Hardness of Metals (Clarendon Press, Oxford, U.K., 1951), pp. 8–11, 112–113.
G.M. Pharr, W.C. Oliver, and F.R. Brotzen, J. Mater. Res. 7, 613 (1992).
C-M. Cheng and Y-T. Cheng, Appl. Phys. Lett. 71, 2326 (1997).
N.A. Stilwell and D. Tabor, Phys. Proc. Soc. Lond. 78, 169 (1961).
M.F. Doerner and W.D. Nix, J. Mater. Res. 1, 601 (1986).
C.W. Shih, M. Yang, and J.C.M. Li, J. Mater. Res. 6, 2623 (1991).
H. Pelletier, J. Krier, A. Cornet, and P. Mille, Thin Solid Films 379, 147 (2000).
S. Enders, P. Grau, and H.M. Hawthorne, in Fundamentals of nanoindentation and Nanotribology II, edited by S.P. Baker, R.F. Cook, S.G. Corcoran, and N.R. Moody (Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 649, Warrendale, PA, 2001), p. Q3.6.1.
J.M. Antunes, A. Cavaleiro, L.F. Menezes, M.I. Simões, and J.V. Fernandes, Surf. Coat. Technol. 149, 27 (2002).
L.E. Seitzman, J. Mater. Res. 13, 2936 (1998).
K. Herrmann, N.M. Jennett, W. Wegener, J. Meneve, K. Hasche, and R. Seemann, Thin Solid Films 377–378, 394 (2000).
Y-T. Cheng and C-M. Cheng, Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 614 (1998).
G.R. Anstis, P. Chantikul, B.R. Lawn, and D.B. Marshall, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 64, 533 (1981).
J.B. Wachtman, Jr., W.E. Tefft, D.G. Lam, Jr., and R.P. Stinchfield, J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. Sect. A: Phys. Chem. 64, 213 (1960).
W.A. Brantley, J. Appl. Phys. 44, 534 (1973).
Product Bulletin, Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company (St. Paul, MN, 1987).
A. Goldstein and A. Singurindi, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 83, 1530 (2000).
D. Berlincourt and H. Jaffe, Phys. Rev. 111, 143 (1958).
R.F. Cook, Ph.D. Thesis, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (1985).
R.P. Ingel and D. Lewis, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 71, 265 (1988).
R.F. Cook, E.G. Liniger, and M.R. Pascucci, J. Hard Mater. 5, 191 (1994).
S.M. Wiederhorn, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 562, 99 (1969).
M.A. Meyers and K.K. Chawla, Mechanical Behavior of Materials (Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1999), p. 92.
C.A. Brookes, J.B. O’Neill, and B.A. Redfern, Proc. Roy. Soc. London Ser. A 322, 73 (1971).
R.B. King, Int. J. Solids Structures 23, 1657 (1987).
J.C. Hay, A. Bolshakov, and G.M. Pharr, J. Mater. Res. 14, 2296 (1999).
V. Marx and H. Balke, Acta Mater. 45, 3791 (1997).
A. Shimamoto, K. Tanaka, Y. Akliyama, and H. Yoshizaki, Philos. Mag. A 74, 1097 (1996).
K. Zeng and C-H. Chiu, Acta Mater. 49, 3539 (2001).
Y. Sun, T. Bell, and S. Zheng, Thin Solid Films 258, 198 (1995).
Y. Sun, S. Zheng, T. Bell, and J. Smith, Philos. Mag. Lett. 79, 649 (1999).
Y-T. Cheng and C-M. Cheng, J. Mater. Res. 13, 1059 (1998).
J. Malzbender and G. de With, J. Mater. Res. 17, 502 (2002).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Thurn, J., Morris, D.J. & Cook, R.F. Depth-sensing indentation at macroscopic dimensions. Journal of Materials Research 17, 2679–2690 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1557/JMR.2002.0388
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1557/JMR.2002.0388