Abstract
Indentation techniques are used for the measurement of mechanical properties of a wide range of materials. Typical elastic analysis for spherical indentation is applicable in the absence of time-dependent deformation, but is inappropriate for materials with time-dependent creep responses active in the experimental time frame. In the current work, a poroelastic analysis—a mechanical theory incorporating fluid motion through a porous elastic network—is used to examine spherical indentation creep responses of hydrated biological materials. Existing analytical and finite element solutions for the poroelastic Hertzian indentation problem are reviewed, and a poroelastic parameter identification scheme is developed. Experimental data from nanoindentation of hydrated bone immersed in water and polar solvents (ethanol, methanol, acetone) are examined within the poroelastic framework. Immersion of bone in polar solvents with decreasing polarity results in increased stiffness, decreased Poisson’s ratio, and decreased hydraulic permeability. Nanoindentation poroelastic analysis results are compared with existing literature for bone poroelasticity at larger length scales, and the effective pore size probed in indentation creep experiments was estimated to be 1.6 nm, consistent with the scale of fundamental collagen–apatite interactions. Results for water permeability in bone were compared with studies of water diffusion through fully dense bone.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
R. Huiskes B. van Rietbergen: Biomechanics of bone in Basic Orthopaedic Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, 3rd ed. edited by V.C. Mow and R. Huiskes Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins Philadelphia 2005 Chap. 4 123–179
F.S. Kaplan, W.C. Hayes, T.M. Keaveny, A. Boskey, T.A. Einhorn J.P. Iannotti: Form and function of bone in Orthopaedic Basic Science, edited by S.R. Simon AAOS Rosemont, IL 1994
J.L. Katz: Hard tissue as a composite material. I. Bounds on the elastic behavior. J. Biomech. 4, 455 1971
M.L. Oyen C-C. Ko: Finite element modeling of bone ultrastructure as a two-phase composite in Mechanical Properties of Bioinspired and Biological Materials, edited by C. Viney, K. Katti, F-J. Ulm, and C. Hellmich, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 844 Warrendale, PA, 2005), Y8.7, pp. 263–268
S.C. Cowin: Bone poroelasticity. J. Biomech. 32, 217 1999
H.F. Wang: Theory of Linear Poroelasticity with Applications to Geomechanics and Hydrogeology Princeton University Press Princeton, NJ 2000
C.A. Schuh: Nanoindentation studies of materials. Mater. Today 9, 32 2006
D. Ebenstein L. Pruitt: Nanoindentation of biological materials. Nano Today 1, 26 2006
J.S. Field M.V. Swain: A simple predictive model for spherical indentation. J. Mater. Res. 8, 297 1993
W.C. Oliver G.M. Pharr: Improved technique for determining hardness and elastic modulus using load and displacement sensing indentation experiments. J. Mater. Res. 7, 1564 1992
E.H. Lee J.R.M. Radok: Contact problem for viscoelastic bodies. J. Appl. Mech. 27, 438 1960
T.C.T. Ting: The contact stresses between a rigid indentor and a viscoelastic half-space. J. Appl. Mech. 88, 845 1966
K.L. Johnson: Contact Mechanics Cambridge University Press Cambridge, UK 1985
M.L. Oyen A.J. Bushby: Viscoelastic effects in small-scale indentation of biological materials. I. J. Surf. Sci. Eng. (2007, in press)
M.L. Oyen: Analytical techniques for indentation of viscoelastic materials. Philos. Mag. 86, 5625 2006
M.L. Oyen: Spherical indentation creep following ramp loading. J. Mater. Res. 20, 2094 2005
M.L. Oyen C-C. Ko: Examination of local variations in viscous, elastic, and plastic indentation responses in healing bone. J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med. 18, 623 2007
R.S. Lakes: Materials with structural hierarchy. Nature 361, 511 1993
A.K. Bembey, M.L. Oyen, A.J. Bushby A. Boyde: Viscoelastic properties of bone as a function of hydration state determined by nanoindentation. Philos. Mag. 86, 5691 2006
A.K. Bembey, A.J. Bushby, A. Boyde, V.L. Ferguson M.L. Oyen: Hydration effects on bone micro-mechanical properties. J. Mater. Res. 21, 1962 2006
J.M. Mattice, A.G. Lau, M.L. Oyen R.W. Kent: Spherical indentation load-relaxation of soft biological tissues. J. Mater. Res. 21, 2003 2006
L.K. Agbezuge H. Deresiewicz: On the indentation of a consolidating half-space. Israel J. of Technol. 12, 322 1974
A.P.S. Selvadurai: Stationary damage modeling of poroelastic contact. Int. J. Solids Struct. 41, 2043 2004
M.L. Oyen: Sensitivity of polymer nanoindentation creep properties to experimental variables. Acta Mater. 55, 3633 2007
M.L. Oyen: Spherical indentation creep following ramp loading in Fundamentals of Nanoindentation and Nanotribology III, edited by K.J. Wahl, N. Huber, A.B. Mann, D.F. Bahr, and Y-T. Cheng (Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 841 Warrendale, PA, 2005) p.211–216
L.J. Gibson M.F. Ashby Cellular Solids: Structure and Properties, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press Cambridge, UK 1997
CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 73rd ed. D.R. Lide, editor CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton, FL 1992–1993
P.K. Zysset, X.E. Guo, C.E. Hoffler, K.E. Moore S.A. Goldstein: Elastic modulus and hardness of cortical and trabecular bone lamellae measured by nanoindentation in the human femur. J. Biomech. 32, 1005 1999
C.W. McCutchen: Cartilage is poroelastic, not viscoelastic (including an exact theorem about strain energy and viscous loss, and an order of magnitude relation for equilibration time). J. Biomech. 15, 325 1982
F. Vollrath: Strength and structure of spiders’ silks. Rev. Mol. Biotechnol. 74, 67 2000
M.M. Ntim, A.K. Bembey, V.L. Ferguson A.J. Bushby: Hydration effects on the viscoelastic properties of collagen in Mechanical Behavior of Biological and Biomimetic Materials, edited by A.J. Bushby, V.L. Ferguson, C-C. Ko, and M.L. Oyen (Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 898E Warrendale, PA, 2006), 0898-L05-02
A.K. Bembey, M.L. Oyen, V.L. Ferguson, A.J. Bushby A. Boyde: Effect of water on mechanical properties of mineralized tissue composites in Mechanics of Biological and Bio-Inspired Materials, edited by C. Viney, K. Katti, C. Hellmich, U. Wegst (Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 975E Warrendale, PA, 2007), 0975-DD09-04
R.S. Lakes: Deformation mechanisms of negative Poisson’s ratio materials: Structural aspects. J. Mater. Sci. 26, 2287 1991
H. Yasuda, C.E. Lamaze A. Peterlin: Diffusive and hydraulic permeabilities of water in water-swollen polymer membrane. J. Polym. Sci., Part A-2 9, 1117 1971
M.A. Fernandez-Seara, S.L. Wehrli F.X. Wehrli: Diffusion of exchangeable water in cortical bone studied by nuclear magnetic resonance. Biophys. J. 82, 522 2002
N. Sasaki A. Enyo: Viscoelastic properties of bone as a function of water content. J. Biomech. 28, 809 1995
J.G. Swadener, J-Y. Rho G.M. Pharr: Effects of anisotropy on elastic moduli measured by nanoindentation in human tibial cortical bone. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 57, 108 2001
T.H. Smit, J.M. Huyghe S.C. Cowin: Estimation of the poroelastic parameters of cortical bone. J. Biomech. 35, 829 2002
Acknowledgments
The author thanks A. Bushby and A. Bembey of the Materials Department, Queen Mary University of London, and A. Boyde and M. Arora in the Queen Mary, University of London Dental Institute, Biophysics Section, Centre for Oral Growth and Development.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Oyen, M.L. Poroelastic nanoindentation responses of hydrated bone. Journal of Materials Research 23, 1307–1314 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1557/JMR.2008.0156
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1557/JMR.2008.0156