Abstract
Strong interest in energy generation and storage has yielded excellent progress on organic based solar cells, and there is also a strong desire for equivalent advancement in polymer-based charge storage devices such as batteries and super-capacitors. Despite extensive research on electronically conducting polymers including polypyrrole, polythiophene, and polyaniline, limitations to the maximum doping density and chemical stability had been considered a significant restriction on the development of polymer batteries. Recent work appears to show a meaningful increase in the upper bound of the maximum density from 0.5 to 1.0 electrons per monomer depending on the structure, processing, and ionic species used in charging and discharging of the polymers. Several recent examples have also implied that more stable, reversible charge-discharge cycling is being observed in n-doped polymers. These observations suggest that the performance metrics of this class of electronically conducting polymer may ultimately reach the levels required for practical battery applications. Further efforts are essential to perfect practical large-scale electrode fabrication to move toward greater compatibility in the methods used for solar cells and those used in producing batteries. A better understanding must also be developed to elucidate the effects of molecular structure and polymer architecture on these materials.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
DOE Basic research needs for electrical energy storage, Bethesda, MD April 2-4 2007 Available at: http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/reports/files/EES_rpt.pdf.bes/reports/files/EES_rpt.pdf.
G. Li, V. Shrotriya, J.S. Huang, Y. Yao, T. Moriarty, K. Emery, Y. Yang: High-efficiency solution processable polymer photovoltaic cells by self-organization of polymer blends. Nat. Mater.4, (11) 864 (2005)
M. Gratzel: Dye-sensitized solid-state heterojunction solar cells. MRS Bull.30, (1) 23 (2005)
G. Yu, J. Gao, J.C. Hummelen, F. Wudl, A.J. Heeger: Polymer photovoltaic cells—Enhanced efficiencies via a network of internal donor-acceptor heterojunctions. Science270, (5243) 1789 (1995)
Y. Kim, S. Cook, S.M. Tuladhar, S.A. Choulis, J. Nelson, J.R. Durrant, D.D.C. Bradley, M. Giles, I. McCulloch, C.S. Ha, M. Ree: A strong regioregularity effect in self-organizing conjugated polymer films and high-efficiency polythiophene: Fullerene solar cells. Nat. Mater.5, (3) 197 (2006)
C.J. Brabec, J.R. Durrant: Solution-processed organic solar cells. MRS Bull.33, (7) 670 (2008)
Y. Wu: Solarmer breaks organic solar PV cell conversion efficiency record www.PV-tech.org 2009
C.J. Brabec, F. Padinger, J.C. Hummelen, R.A.J. Janssen, N.S. Sariciftci: Realization of large area flexible fullerene—Conjugated polymer photocells: A route to plastic solar cells. Synth. Met.102, (1-3) 861 (1999)
S.E. Shaheen, R. Radspinner, N. Peyghambarian, G.E. Jabbour: Fabrication of bulk heterojunction plastic solar cells by screen printing. Appl. Phys. Lett.79, (18) 2996 (2001)
J.J.M. Halls, C.A. Walsh, N.C. Greenham, E.A. Marseglia, R.H. Friend, S.C. Moratti, A.B. Holmes: Efficient photodiodes from interpenetrating polymer networks. Nature376, (6540) 498 (1995)
W.Z. Cai, X. Gong, Y. Cao: Polymer solar cells: Recent development and possible routes for improvement in the performance. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells94, (2) 114 (2010)
Konarka http://www.konarka.com/index.php/power-plastic/power-plastic-applications/index.php/power-plastic/power-plastic-applications/ and http://www.g24i.com/
H. Shirakawa, E.J. Louis, A.G. Macdiarmid, C.K. Chiang, A.J. Heeger: Synthesis of electrically conducting organic polymers—Halogen derivatives of polyacetylene, (CH)X. J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun.578 (1977)
J. Roncali: Electrogenerated functional conjugated polymers as advanced electrode materials. J. Mater. Chem.9, (9) 1875 (1999)
Y. Gofer, H. Sarker, J.G. Killian, J. Giaccai, T.O. Poehler, P.C. Searson: Fabrication of an all-polymer battery based on derivatized polythiophenes. Biomed. Instrum. Technol.3233 (1998)
N. Furukawa, K. Nishio Lithium batteries with polymer electrodesedited by B. Scrosati (Chapman and Hall, London 1993)151–181
B.E. Conway: Transition from supercapacitor to battery behavior in electrochemical energy-storage. J. Electrochem. Soc.138, (6) 1539 (1991)
H.Y. Lee, J.B. Goodenough: Supercapacitor behavior with KCl electrolyte. J. Solid State Chem.144, (1) 220 (1999)
A. Rudge, I. Raistrick, S. Gottesfeld, P. Ferraris: A study of the electrochemical properties of conducting polymers for application in electrochemical capacitors. Electrochim. Acta39273 (1994)
M. Mastragostino, R. Paraventi, A. Zanelli: Supercapacitors based on composite polymer electrodes. J. Electrochem. Soc.147, (9) 3167 (2000)
A.G. Pandolfo, A.F. Hollenkamp: Carbon properties and their role in supercapacitors. J. Power Sources157, (1) 11 (2006)
Y. Gofer, H. Sarker, J.G. Killian, T.O. Poehler, P.C. Searson: The electrochemistry of fluorine-substituted polyphenylthiophenes for charge storage applications. J. Electroanal. Chem.443103 (1998)
Q. Zheng, B.J. Jung, J. Sun, H.E. Katz: Ladder-type oligo-p-phenylene-containing copolymers with high open-circuit voltages and ambient photovoltaic activity. J. Am. Chem. Soc.132, (15) 5394 (2010)
H. Sarker, Y. Gofer, J.G. Killian, T.O. Poehler, P.C. Searson: Synthesis and characterization of fluoro-substituted polyphenylthiophenes for charge storage applications. Synth. Met.88179 (1997)
J.L. Brédas, G.B. Street: Polarons, bipolarons, and solitons in conducting polymers. Acc. Chem. Res.18309 (1985)
R. Yang, W.H. Smyrl, D.F. Evans, W.A. Hendrickson: Evolution of polypyrrole band-structure—A scanning tunneling spectroscopy study. J. Phys. Chem.96, (3) 1428 (1992)
P.J. Nigrey, D. Macinnes, D.P. Nairns, A.G. Macdiarmid, A.J. Heeger: Lightweight rechargeable storage batteries using polyacetylene, (CH)X as the cathode-active material. J. Electrochem. Soc.128, (8) 1651 (1981)
D. Macinnes, M.A. Druy, P.J. Nigrey, D.P. Nairns, A.G. Macdiarmid, A.J. Heeger: Organic batteries—Reversible n-type and p-type electrochemical doping of polyacetylene, (CH)X. J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun.317 (1981)
C.K. Chiang: An all-polymeric solid-state battery. Polymer22, (11) 1454 (1981)
T. Nagatomo, T. Honma, C. Yamamoto, K. Negishi, O. Omoto: A long-lasting polyacetylene battery with high-energy density. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Part 122, (5) L275 (1983)
A.G. Macdiarmid, L.S. Yang, W.S. Huang, B.D. Humphrey: Polyaniline-electrochemistry and application to rechargeable batteries. Synth. Met.18, (1-3) 393 (1987)
S. Taguchi, T. Tanaka: Fibrous polyaniline as positive active material in lithium secondary batteries. J. Power Sources20, (3-4) 249 (1987)
F. Goto, K. Abe, K. Okabayashi, T. Yoshida, H. Morimoto: The polyaniline lithium battery. J. Power Sources20, (3-4) 243 (1987)
S. Panero, P. Prosperi, F. Bonino, B. Scrosati, A. Corradini, M. Mastragostino: Characteristics of electrochemically synthesized polymer electrodes in lithium cells. 3. Polypyrrole. Electrochim. Acta32, (7) 1007 (1987)
R. Bittihn, G. Ely, F. Woeffler: Polypyrrole as an electrode material for secondary lithium cells. Makromol. Chem.851 (1987)
M.D. Levi, Y. Gofer, D. Aurbach: A synopsis of recent attempts toward construction of rechargeable batteries utilizing conducting polymer cathodes and anodes. Polym. Adv. Technol.13, (10-12) 697 (2002)
H.K. Song, G.T.R. Palmore: Redox-active polypyrrole: Toward polymer-based batteries. Adv. Mater.18, (13) 1764 (2006)
T. Yamamoto, M. Zama, M. Hishinuma, A. Yamamoto: Lithium secondary cells using LiX (X = ClO4, BF4) as electrolyte and poly(2,5-pyrrolylene) and poly(2,5-thienylene) as materials for positive electrodes. J. Appl. Electrochem.17607 (1987)
S. Panero, P. Prosperi, D. Zane, B. Scrosati: Properties of electrochemically synthesized polymer electrodes. 7. Kinetics of poly-3-methylthiophene in lithium cells. J. Appl. Electrochem.22, (3) 189 (1992)
A. Rudge, J. Davey, I. Raistrick, S. Gottesfeld: Conducting polymers as active materials in electrochemical capacitors. J. Power Sources4789 (1994)
M-A. Sato, S. Tanaka, K. Kaeriyama: Electrochemical preparation of highly anode-active poly(3-phenylthiophene). J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun.1725 (1987)
J.P. Ferraris, M.M. Eissa, I.D. Brotherston, D.C. Loveday: Performance evaluation of poly 3-(phenylthiophene) derivatives as active materials for electrochemical capacitor applications. Chem. Mater.10, (11) 3528 (1998)
H. Sarker, I. Ong, S. Sarker, P.C. Searson, T.O. Poehler: Design and synthesis of a series of substituted polyphenylene-thiophenes. Synth. Met.108, (1) 33 (2000)
H. Sarker, Y. Gofer, J.G. Killian, T.O. Poehler, P.C. Searson: Synthesis and characterization of a series of fluorine-substituted phenylene-thienyl polymers for battery applications. Synth. Met.971 (1998)
Y. Gofer, H. Sarker, J.G. Killian, T.O. Poehler, P.C. Searson: An all-polymer charge storage device. Appl. Phys. Lett.711582 (1997)
H. Usta, C. Risko, Z.M. Wang, H. Huang, M.K. Deliomeroglu, A. Zhukhovitskiy, A. Facchetti, T.J. Marks: Design, synthesis, and characterization of ladder-type molecules and polymers. Air-stable, solution-processable n-channel and ambipolar semiconductors for thin-film transistors via experiment and theory. J. Am. Chem. Soc.131, (15) 5586 (2009)
M.D. Levi, A.S. Fisyuk, R. Demadrille, E. Markevich, Y. Gofer, D. Aurbach, A. Pron: Unusually high stability of a poly(alkylquaterthiophene-alt-oxadiazole) conjugated copolymer in its n and p-doped states. Chem. Commun.3299 (2006)
C.Y. Wang, G. Tsekouras, P. Wagner, S. Gambhir, C.O. Too, D. Officer, G.G. Wallace: Functionalised polyterthiophenes as anode materials. Synth. Met.160, (1-2) 76 (2009)
B.L. Groenendaal, F. Jonas, D. Freitag, H. Pielartzik, J.R. Reynolds: Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and its derivatives: Past, present, and future. Adv. Mater.12, (7) 481 (2000)
K.M. Abraham, M. Alamgir: Dimensionally stable MEEP-based polymer electrolytes and solid-state lithium batteries. Chem. Mater.3, (2) 339 (1991)
K.M. Abraham, M. Alamgir: Li+-conductive solid polymer electrolytes with liquid-like conductivity. J. Electrochem. Soc.1990, (137) 1657 (1990)
A. Balducci, R. Dugas, P.L. Taberna, P. Simon, D. Plee, M. Mastragostino, S. Passerini: High temperature carbon-carbon supercapacitor using ionic liquid as electrolyte. J. Power Sources165, (2) 922 (2007)
Y. Matsuda, M. Morita, M. Ishikawa, M. Ihara: New electric double-layer capacitors using polymer solid electrolytes containing tetraalkylammonium salts. J. Electrochem. Soc.140, (7) L109 (1993)
T. Osaka, X.J. Liu, M. Nojima, T. Momma: An electrochemical double layer capacitor using an activated carbon electrode with gel electrolyte binder. J. Electrochem. Soc.146, (5) 1724 (1999)
C. Iwakura, H. Wada, S. Nohara, N. Furukawa, H. Inoue, M. Morita: New electric double layer capacitor with polymer hydrogel electrolyte. Electrochem. Solid-State Lett.6, (2) A37 (2003)
M. Ishikawa, T. Kishino, N. Katada, M. Morita: Performance of electric double layer capacitors with polymer gel electrolytes. New Mater. Batteries and Fuel Cells575423 (2000)
B.J. Kim, S.G. Oh, M.G. Han, S.S. Im: Synthesis and characterization of polyaniline nanoparticles in SDS micellar solutions. Synth. Met.122, (2) 297 (2001)
V.R. Tirumala, G.T. Caneba, Y. Dar, H.H. Wang, D.C. Mancini: Nanoparticles from a controlled polymerization process. Adv. Polym. Technol.22, (2) 126 (2003)
H. Segawa, T. Shimidzu, K. Honda: A novel photo-sensitized polymerization of pyrrole. J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun.132 (1989)
L. Zhou, T.O. Poehler, P.C. Searson in preparation. (2009)
B. Coffey, P.V. Madsen, T.O. Poehler, P.C. Searson: High charge density conducting polymer/graphite fiber composite electrodes for battery applications. J. Electrochem. Soc.142, (2) 321 (1995)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
This author was an editor of this focus issue during the review and decision stage. For the JMR policy on review and publication of manuscripts author by editors, please refer to http://www.mrs.org/jmr_policy
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Katz, H.E., Searson, P.C. & Poehler, T.O. Batteries and charge storage devices based on electronically conducting polymers. Journal of Materials Research 25, 1561–1574 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1557/JMR.2010.0201
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1557/JMR.2010.0201