Abstract
We propose a new method for the preparation of the polymer/organoclay nanocomposite, termed the solution and melt mixing (SOAM) method, where the polymer and clays are first blended in solution, and subsequently the mixture is further blended in the melt. We prepared the ternary nanocomposite systems of poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) (SAN), poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and Cloisite25A clays (C25A) by solution blending as well as by the SOAM method. The C25A content in the nanocomposite was optimized by analyzing the x-ray diffraction (XRD) data of binary mixtures (SAN/C25A and PVC/C25A nanocomposites). The values of the interaction parameter (χab) were calculated by using the molar attraction constants of the specific functional groups derived from Hoy’s table. While PVC and C25A were shown to be highly compatible, SAN and C25A were less compatible. XRD data and transmission electron microscopy observations indicated that the SAN/PVC/C25A nanocomposites had at least partially exfoliated structures. The tensile modulus and the elongation at break of the nanocomposites prepared by the SOAM method were higher than those prepared by simple solution blending.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
E.P. Giannelis: Polymer layered silicate nanocomposites. Adv. Mater. 8, 29 1996
M. Kawasumi, N. Hasegawa, M. Kato, A. Usuki A. Okada: Preparation and mechanical properties of polypropylene-clay hybrids. Macromoleculues 30, 6333 1997
R.A. Vaia, H. Ishii E.P. Giannelis: Synthesis and properties of two-dimensional nanostructures by direct intercalation of polymer melts in layered silicates. Chem. Mater. 5, 1694 1993
S. Sinha Ray, P. Maiti, M. Okamoto, K. Yamada K. Veda: New polylactide/layered silicate nanocomposites. 1. Preparation, characterization, and properties. Macromolecules 35, 3104 2002
S.K. Lim, J.W. Kim, I. Chin, Y.K. Kwon H.J. Choi: Preparation and interaction characteristics of organically modified montmorillonite nanocomposite with miscible polymer blend of poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(methyl methacrylate). Chem. Mater. 14, 1989 2002
S.K. Lim, J.W. Kim, I. Chin H.J. Choi: Rheological properties of a new rubbery nanocomposite: Polyepichlorohydrin/organoclay nanocomposites. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 86, 3735 2002
S.K. Lim, S.T. Lim, H.B. Kim, I. Chin H.J. Choi: Preparation and physical characterization of polyepichlorohydrin elastomer/clay nanocomposites. J. Macromol. Sci. Part B: Phys. 42, 1197 2003
D. Voulgaris D. Petridis: Emulsifying effect of dimethyldioctadecylammonium-hectorite in polystyrene/poly(ethyl methacrylate) blends. Polymer 43, 2213 2002
M.Y. Gelfer, H.H. Song, L. Liu, B.S. Hsiao, B. Chu, M. Rafailovich, M. Si V. Zaitsev: Effects of organoclays on morphology and thermal and rheological properties of polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) blends. J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys. 41, 44 2003
Y. Wang, Q. Zhang Q. Fu: Compatibilization of immiscible poly(propylene)/polystyrene blends using clay. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 24, 231 2003
M. Mehrabzadeh M.R. Kamal: Polymer-clay nanocomposites based on blends of polyamide-6 and polyethylene. Can. J. Chem. Eng. 80, 1083 2002
R.A. Vaia E.P. Giannelis: Polymer melt intercalation in organically-modified layered silicates: Model predictions and experiment. Macromolecules 30, 8000 1997
Y. Lyatskaya A.C. Balazs: Modelling the phase behavior of polymer-clay composites. Macromolecules 31, 6676 1998
A.C. Balazs, C. Singh E. Zhulina: Modelling the interactions between polymers and clay surfaces through self-consistent field theory. Macromolecules 31, 8370 1998
K. Kim, L.A. Utracki M.R. Kamal: Numerical simulation of polymer nanocomposites using self-consistent mean-field model. J. Chem. Phys. 121, 10766 2004
D.L. Ho C.J. Glinka: Effects of solvent solubility parameters in organoclay dispersions. Chem. Mater. 15, 1309 2003
H. Ishida, S. Campbell J. Blackwell: General approach to nanocomposite preparation. Chem. Mater. 12, 1260 2000
R. Buchdahl L.E. Nielsen: Multiple dispersion regions in rigid polymeric systems. J. Polym. Sci. B 15, 1 1955
I.A. Schneider E.M. Calugaru: The estimation of phase modifications in polymers by the method of “molecular probes” in gas chromatography. IV. Glass transition behavior and compatibility in mixtures of poly(vinyl chloride)-polystyrene and poly(vinyl chloride)-polyacrylonitirle. Eur. Polym. J. 12, 879 1976
Y.J. Shur B. Ranby: Gas permeation of polymer blends. IV. Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) terpolymer. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 20, 3121 1976
J.H. Kim, J.W. Barlow D.R. Paul: Miscibility of poly(vinyl chloride) with styrene/acrylonitrile copolymers. J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys. 27, 2211 1989
K.L. Hoy: New values of the solubility parameters from vapor pressure data. J. Paint. Technol. 42, 76 1970
D.W. Van Krevelen Properties of Polymers, 3rd ed. Elsevier Amsterdam, The Netherlands 1990 195
T.G. Fox S. Loshaek: Influence of molecular weight and degree of crosslinking on the specific volume and glass temperature of polymers. J. Polym. Sci. B 15, 371 1955
M.M. Coleman, C.J. Serman, D.E. Bhagwager P.C. Painter: A practical guide to polymer miscibility. Polym. 31, 1187 1990
M.M. Coleman, J.F. Graf P.C. Painter: Specific Interactions and Miscibility of Polymer Blends Technomic Publishing Co. Lancaster, PA 1991 127
B.N. Jang, D. Wang C.A. Wilkie: Relationship between the solubility parameter of polymers and the clay dispersion in polymer/clay nanocomposites and the role of the surfactant. Macromolecules 38, 6533 2005
J.E. Mark: Polymer Data Handbook Oxford University Press New York 1999 493
T.K. Kwei, E. Pearce, J.R. Pennacchia M. Charton: Correlation between the glass transition temperatures of polymer mixtures and intermolecular force parameters. Macromolecules 20, 1174 1987
M. Gordon J.S. Taylor: Ideal copolymers and the second-order transitions of synthetic rubbers. J. Appl. Chem. 2, 493 1952
E. Meaurio, E. Zuza J-R. Sarasua: Miscibility and specific interactions in blends of poly(L-lactide) with poly(vinyl phenol). Macromolecules 38, 1207 2005
Acknowledgment
The research was supported by the Nano Center for Fine Chemicals Fusion Technology at Inha University (B0000171).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lim, SK., Lee, EH. & Chin, IJ. Specific interaction characteristics in organoclay nanocomposite of miscible poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) and poly(vinyl chloride) blend. Journal of Materials Research 23, 1168–1174 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2008.0148
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2008.0148