Abstract
The solid–water interface is ubiquitous in natural and synthetic systems as the primary site for chemical reactions under near-ambient conditions. Examples include the interactions of contaminants with mineral–water interfaces in natural environments, electrochemical reactions at the electrode-electrolyte interface relevant to energy storage (e.g., ion adsorption/electrical double layer formation, ion insertion), and oxidation of structural materials (e.g., rust). Yet many of these phenomena remain largely mysterious at a mechanistic level. The x-ray reflectivity technique, using highly penetrating hard x-rays, directly probes the solid–water interfaces through in situ studies. This approach has provided new insights into the molecular-scale structures and processes that occur at these “wet” interfaces. In this article, we review recent advances in the understanding of these systems, focusing specifically on the organization of interfacial “hydration layers” and the important role of adsorbed ions at charged solid–liquid interfaces.
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Acknowledgements
The work described herein is the product of the contributions of many people over many years. Of particular note are the long-term collaborations with Neil C. Sturchio, Kathryn L. Nagy, David J. Wesolowski, and Michael J. Bedzyk, as well as the many current and past members of the Interfacial Processes Group at Argonne National Laboratory. This material is primarily based upon work supported by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Chemical Sciences, Biosciences, and Geosciences (Geoscience subprogram, Nicholas Woodward), with the work on TiO2 done through a multi-institutional collaboration led by Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Work on graphene-water interactions was supported as part of the Fluid Interface Reactions, Structures and Transport (FIRST) Center, an Energy Frontier Research Center funded by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences. Measurements were performed at the Advanced Photon Source, a DOE Office of Science User Facility. The manuscript was created at UChicago Argonne, LLC, Operator of Argonne National Laboratory. Argonne, a US Department of Energy Office of Science laboratory, is operated under Contract DE-AC02-06CH11357. The US Government retains for itself, and others acting on its behalf, a paid-up nonexclusive, irrevocable worldwide license in said article to reproduce, prepare derivative works, distribute copies to the public, and perform publicly and display publicly, by or on behalf of the Government.
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Fenter, P., Lee, S.S. Hydration layer structure at solid–water interfaces. MRS Bulletin 39, 1056–1061 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2014.252
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2014.252