THE USE OF SISAL FIBRE AS REINFORCEMENT IN CEMENT BASED COMPOSITES

Tolêdo Filho, Romildo Dias; Joseph, Kuruvilla; Ghavami, Khosrow; England, George Leslie

doi:10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v3n2p245-256

ABSTRACT

The inclusion of fibre reinforcement in concrete, mortar and cement paste can enhance many of the engineering properties of the basic materials, such as fracture toughness, flexural strength and resistance to fatigue, impact, thermal shock and spalling. In recent years, a great deal of interest has been created worldwide on the potential applications of natural fibre reinforced, cement based composites. Investigations have been carried out in many countries on various mechanical properties, physical performance and durability of cement based matrices reinforced with naturally occurring fibres including sisal, coconut, jute, bamboo and wood fibres. These fibres have always been considered promising as reinforcement of cement based matrices because of their availability, low cost and low consumption of energy. In this review, the general properties of the composites are described in relation to fibre content, length, strength and stiffness. A chronological development of sisal fibre reinforced, cement based matrices is reported and experimental data are provided to illustrate the performance of sisal fibre reinforced cement composites. A brief description on the use of these composite materials as building products has been included. The influence of sisal fibres on the development of plastic shrinkage in the pre-hardened state, on tensile, compressive and bending strength in the hardened state of mortar mixes is discussed. Creep and drying shrinkage of the composites and the durability of natural fibres in cement based matrices are of particular interest and are also highlighted. The results show that the composites reinforced with sisal fibres are reliable materials to be used in practice for the production of structural elements to be used in rural and civil construction. This material could be a substitute asbestos-cement composite, which is a serious hazard to human and animal health and is prohibited in industrialized countries. The production of sisal fibres as compared with synthetic fibres or even with mineral asbestos fibres needs much less energy in addition to the ecological, social and economical benefits.

Key words:
composite material; natural fibres; concrete; mortar; strength; stiffness; durability

RESUMO

A inclusão de fibras em concretos, argamassas e pastas de cimento melhora propriedades básicas desses materiais tais como a tenacidade na fratura, a resistência à flexão, ao impacto, à choques térmicos e à desagregação. Nos últimos anos tem se observado, em todo o mundo, um grande interesse na aplicação de materiais compósitos, com matrizes a base de cimento, reforçados com fibras vegetais tais como sisal, juta, fibra de coco, fibra de bambu e celulose. Essas fibras têm sido consideradas potencialmente atrativas como reforço de matrizes a base de cimento devido a sua disponibilidade, baixo custo e do baixo consumo de energia gasto na sua produção. No presente artigo, as propriedades gerais dos compósitos são descritas em relação ao volume de fibras, comprimento, resistência e rigidez. O evolução cronológica do uso de fibras de sisal como reforço de matrizes a base de cimento é reportado e dados experimentais são apresentados para ilustrar o comportamento dos compósitos. Uma rápida descrição do uso desses compósitos como elementos de construção é também feita. A influência da presença de fibras de sisal na retração plástica e na resistência à tração, compressão e flexão no estado endurecido de matrizes a base de cimento é discutida. A fluência e a retração por secagem dos compósitos e a durabilidade das fibras vegetais na matriz alcalina são características relevantes e são também discutidas. Os resultados apresentados mostram que os compósitos reforçados com fibras de sisal podem ser usados com segurança na produção de elementos estruturais visando seu emprego nas construções civis e rurais. Esse material pode ser usado, por exemplo, como substituto dos produtos a base de fibras de asbestos os quais podem trazer danos a saúde de seres humanos e animais e que são proibidos, por lei, nos países industrializados. A produção das fibras de sisal, quando comparada com a das fibras sintéticas ou minerais, requer uma quantidade energia muito menor, além dos benefícios ecológicos, sociais e econômicos.

Palavras-chave:
compósitos; fibras naturais; concreto; argamassa; resistência; rigidez; durabilidade

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REFERENCES

ARGON, A. S.; SHACK, W. J. Theories of fibre cement and fibre concrete. In: RILEM SYMPOSIUM ON FIBRE REINFORCED CEMENT AND CONCRETE. London: The Construction Press, 1975, p. 39-52.
AZIZ, M. A.; PARAMASIVAM, P.; LEE, S.L. Prospects for natural fibre reinforced concretes in construction. The International Journal of Composites and Lightweight Concrete, London, v. 3, n. 2, p. 123-132, May, 1981.
AZIZ, M. A.; PARAMASIVAM, P.; LEE, S.L. Concrete reinforced with natural fibres. In: SWAMY, R. N. ed. Natural fibre reinforced cement and concrete London: Blackie and Son Ltd, 1984, v. 5, chapter 3, p. 106-140.
BALAGARU, P. N.; SHAH, S.P. Fiber-reinforced cement composites New York: McGraw-Hill, 1992. 530p.
BALUCH, H.; ZIRABA, Y.N; AZAD, A.K. Fracture characteristics or sisal fibre reinforced concrete. The International Journal of Composites and Lightweight Concrete, London, v. 9, n. 3, p. 157-168, August, 1987.
BEAUDOIN, J. J.; Handbook of fiber-reinforced concrete.U.S.A.: Noyes Publications, 1990. 332p.
BENTUR, A.; MINDESS, S. Fibre reinforced cementitious composites, Elsevier Applied Science, U.K, 1990, 449p.
BERGSTRÖN, SVEN G., HANS-ERIK GRAM. Durability of alkali-sensitive fibres in concrete. The International Journal of Composites and Lightweight Concrete, London, v. 6, n. 2, May, p. 75-80, 1984.
BERHANE, Z.; Durability of mortar roofing sheets reinforced with natural fibre. SYMPOSIUM ON BUILDING MATERIALS, FOR LOW-INCOME HOUSING, Bangkok: Thailand, Jan. 20-26, 1987, p. 321-327.
BERHANE, Z. Performance or natural fibre reinforced mortar roofing tiles. Materials and Structures, Paris, v. 27, p. 347-352, 1994.
BESSEL, T. J.; MUTULI, S.M. The interfacial bond strength of sisal-cement composites using a tensile test. Journal of Materials Science Letters, London, n. 1, p. 244-246, 1982.
BRU DATA SHEET. Roof sheets made of sisal reinforced concrete Dar es Salaam: Building Research Unit, p. 1-8, 1978.
BUILDING RESEARCH STATION NEWS (BRS). Poor outlook for sisal U.K. BRS News, n. 14, 1970.
CANOVAS, M.F.; KAWICHE, G.M.; SHELVA, N.H. Possible ways of preventing deterioration of vegetable fibres in cement mortars. VEGETABLE PLANTS AND THEIR FIBRES AS BUILDING MATERIAL. Proceeding... No. 7, Rilem, Salvador, 1990.
CANOVAS, M. F.; SELVA, N.H.; KAWICHE, G.M. New economical solutions for improvement or durability of Portland mortars reinforced with sisal fibres.Materials and Structures, Paris, v. 25, p. 417-422, 1992.
CAPPELEN, P. Roof sheets made of sisal reinforced concrete Building Research Unit, Ministry of Lands Housing and Urban Development. Working Report, WR 14, p. 1-7, July, 1978.
CARVALHO FILHO, A. C. Mortar reinforced with sisal: mechanical behavior in flexure. In. VEGETABLE PLANTS AND THEIR FIBRES AS BUILDING MATERIAL.Proceeding... No. 7, Rilem, Salvador, 1990.
CHATVEERA, B.; NIMITYONGSKUL, P. Influence of rice husk ash on properties of sisal pulp-mortar composites ACI Special Publication, SP 154-11, Farmington Hills, p. 211-228. 1987.
COUTTS, R.S.P.; WARDEN, P.G. Sisal pulp reinforced cement mortar.Cement & Concrete Composites, v.14, p. 17-21. 1992.
ENGLAND, G.L.; TOLÊDO FILHO, R.D. Natural fibre reinforced concrete. In: ASIA-PACIFIC SPECIALTY CONFERENCE ON FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE. Singapore, p. 55-70. 1997.
GHAVAMI, K.; TOLÊDO FILHO, R.D. Mechanical properties of composites reinforced with sisal fibre. FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPOSITE ENGINEERING, 1., New Orleans, August, p. 721-722, 1994.
GHAVAMI, K.; TOLÊDO FILHO, R.D. Experimental analysis of cement mortar composites reinforced with natural fibres. SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPOSITE ENGINEERING, 2., New Orleans, August, 1995, p. 247-248.
GRAM, H.E. Durability of natural fibres in concrete. Swedish Cement and Concrete Research Institute, Research Fo. 1:83, 1983, 225 p.
GRAM, H.E. Natural Fibre Concrete Roofing, In: R.N. Swamy ed.Natural fibre reinforced cement and concrete London: Blackie and Son Ltd., 1988, Vol. 5, p. 256-285.
GUIMARÃES, S. S. Experimental mixing and moulding with vegetable fibre reinforced cement composites. In: Ghavami K.; Fang, H. Y. ed. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON DEVELOPMENT OF LOW-COST END ENERGY SAVING CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS, 1984, Rio de Janeiro, p. 37-52.
GUIMARÃES, S. S. Some experiments in vegetable fibre-cement composites. SYMPOSIUM ON BUILDING MATERIALS, FOR LOW-INCOME HOUSING, Bangkok, Thailand, Jan. 20-26, 1987. 20-26, pp. 167-175.
JOSEPH, K.;TOLEDO FILHO, R. D.; JAMES, B.; THOMAS, S.; CARVALHO, L.H. The use of sisal fibre as reinforcements in polymer in composites,Brazilian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, 1999. Submitted
KOBAYASHI, K.; CHO, R. Flexural behavior of polyethylene fibre reinforced concrete, International Journal of Cement Composites and Lightweight Concrete, London, v. 3, February, p-19-25, 1981.
MAWENYA, A.S.; MWAMILA, B.L.M. Characteristics of sisal as a reinforcing fibre Faculty of Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam, p. 1-22, 1979.
MORRISSEY, F.E.; COUTTS, R.S.P. Bond between cellulose fibres and cement. The International Journal of Composites and Lightweight Concrete, London, v.7, n.2, May, p-73-80, 1985.
MUKHERJEE, K.G.; SATYANARAYANA, K.G. Structure and properties of some vegetable fibres. Part 1: Sisal fibre. Journal of Materials Science, London, v.19, p. 3925-3934, 1984.
MWAMILA, B.L.M. Flexural behaviour of concrete elements reinforced with sisal fibres Dar es Salaam: University of Dar es Salaam, 1979. 185p. M.Sc. Thesis
MWAMILA, B.L.M. Natural Twines as Main Reinforcement in Concrete Beams, The International Journal of Composites and Lightweight Concrete, London, v.7, February, p-11-19, 1985.
MWAMILA, B.L.M. Characteristics of natural fibrous reinforcement in cement-based matrices. SYMPOSIUM ON BUILDING MATERIALS, FOR LOW-INCOME HOUSING, Bangkok, Thailand, Jan. 20-26, 1987. p. 87-93.
NILSSON, L. Reinforcement of concrete with sisal and other vegetable fibres Stockholm: Swedish Council for Building Research, 1975, 68p. Document No D-14
PARTEK AB. Research Laboratory in Pargas, Finland, 1979.
PERSSON, H.; SKARENDAHL, A. Sisal-fibre concrete for roofing sheets and other purposes. Appropriate industrial technology for construction and building materials New York: United Nations, 1980. Monographs on Propriety Industrial Technical. No. 12
ROMAULDI, J.P.; BATSON, G.B. Mechanics of crack arrest in concrete.Journal of the Engineering Mechanics Division, Proceedings of the ASCE, v. 89, n. EM3, p. 147-168, Jun. 1963
SANJUÁN. M.A.; TOLÊDO FILHO, R.D. Effectiveness of crack control at early age on the corrosion of steel bars in low modulus sisal and coconut fibre-reinforced mortars. Cement and Concrete Research, v. 28, n. 4, p. 555-565, 1998.
SAVASTANO JUNIOR, H.; AGOPYAN, V. Transition zone on hardened cement paste and vegetable fibre. In: Swamy, R. N. ed. FIBRE REINFORCED CEMENT AND CONCRETE, 1992. RILEM. London.
SCHAFER, H. G.; BRUNSSEN, G.W. Sisal fibre reinforced lost form work for floor slabs. In: VEGETABLE PLANTS AND THEIR FIBRES AS BUILDING MATERIAL. 7.,Proceeding... Rilem, Salvador, 1990.
SWIFT, D.G., Sisal-cement composites and their potential for rural Africa. In: I. H. Marshall ed. COMPOSITE STRUCTURES 3, Elsevier Science Publishers, 1985, pp. 774-787.
SWIFT, D.G.; SMITH, R.S.L. Sisal fibre reinforcement of cement paste and concrete. In: MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. Bangkok, August, 1978, p. 221-233.
SWIFT, D.G.; SMITH, R.S.L. Sisal-cement composites as low- cost construction materials. Appropriate Technology, London, v. 6, n. 3, p.6-8, November. 1979a.
SWIFT, D.G.; SMITH, R.S.L. The flexural strength of cement-based composites using low modulus (sisal) fibres. Composites, London, v. 6, n. 3, p. 145-148, July, 1979b.
TOLÊDO FILHO, R.D. Natural fibre reinforced mortar composites: Experimental characterisation, Rio de Janeiro: DEC/PUC, 1997, 472p. Ph.D. Thesis
TOLÊDO FILHO, R.D. Utilização da fibra de sisal na construção civil. In: Silva, O.R.R.F.; Beltrão, N.E.M. eds. O agronegócio do sisal no Brasil Brasília: Embrapa/CNPA, 1999, p. 177-202.
TOLÊDO FILHO, R. D.; GHAVAMI, K. Tensile properties of sisal and compression behaviour of cement mortar sisal composite. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPOSITE ENGINEERING, 3., 1996, New Orleans, Agosto.
ZONSVELD, J.J. Properties and testing of concrete containing fibres other than steel. In: RILEM SYMPOSYUM ON FIBRE REINFORCED CEMENT AND CONCRETE. London, The Construction Press, 1975. p. 217-226.

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
May-Aug 1999

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[1] ARGON, A. S.; SHACK, W. J. Theories of fibre cement and fibre concrete. In: RILEM SYMPOSIUM ON FIBRE REINFORCED CEMENT AND CONCRETE. London: The Construction Press, 1975, p. 39-52.

[2] AZIZ, M. A.; PARAMASIVAM, P.; LEE, S.L. Prospects for natural fibre reinforced concretes in construction. The International Journal of Composites and Lightweight Concrete, London, v. 3, n. 2, p. 123-132, May, 1981.

[3] AZIZ, M. A.; PARAMASIVAM, P.; LEE, S.L. Concrete reinforced with natural fibres. In: SWAMY, R. N. ed. Natural fibre reinforced cement and concrete London: Blackie and Son Ltd, 1984, v. 5, chapter 3, p. 106-140.

[4] BALAGARU, P. N.; SHAH, S.P. Fiber-reinforced cement composites New York: McGraw-Hill, 1992. 530p.

[5] BALUCH, H.; ZIRABA, Y.N; AZAD, A.K. Fracture characteristics or sisal fibre reinforced concrete. The International Journal of Composites and Lightweight Concrete, London, v. 9, n. 3, p. 157-168, August, 1987.

[6] BEAUDOIN, J. J.; Handbook of fiber-reinforced concrete.U.S.A.: Noyes Publications, 1990. 332p.

[7] BENTUR, A.; MINDESS, S. Fibre reinforced cementitious composites, Elsevier Applied Science, U.K, 1990, 449p.

[8] BERGSTRÖN, SVEN G., HANS-ERIK GRAM. Durability of alkali-sensitive fibres in concrete. The International Journal of Composites and Lightweight Concrete, London, v. 6, n. 2, May, p. 75-80, 1984.

[9] BERHANE, Z.; Durability of mortar roofing sheets reinforced with natural fibre. SYMPOSIUM ON BUILDING MATERIALS, FOR LOW-INCOME HOUSING, Bangkok: Thailand, Jan. 20-26, 1987, p. 321-327.

[10] BERHANE, Z. Performance or natural fibre reinforced mortar roofing tiles. Materials and Structures, Paris, v. 27, p. 347-352, 1994.

[11] BESSEL, T. J.; MUTULI, S.M. The interfacial bond strength of sisal-cement composites using a tensile test. Journal of Materials Science Letters, London, n. 1, p. 244-246, 1982.

[12] BRU DATA SHEET. Roof sheets made of sisal reinforced concrete Dar es Salaam: Building Research Unit, p. 1-8, 1978.

[13] BUILDING RESEARCH STATION NEWS (BRS). Poor outlook for sisal U.K. BRS News, n. 14, 1970.

[14] CANOVAS, M.F.; KAWICHE, G.M.; SHELVA, N.H. Possible ways of preventing deterioration of vegetable fibres in cement mortars. VEGETABLE PLANTS AND THEIR FIBRES AS BUILDING MATERIAL. Proceeding... No. 7, Rilem, Salvador, 1990.

[15] CANOVAS, M. F.; SELVA, N.H.; KAWICHE, G.M. New economical solutions for improvement or durability of Portland mortars reinforced with sisal fibres.Materials and Structures, Paris, v. 25, p. 417-422, 1992.

[16] CAPPELEN, P. Roof sheets made of sisal reinforced concrete Building Research Unit, Ministry of Lands Housing and Urban Development. Working Report, WR 14, p. 1-7, July, 1978.

[17] CARVALHO FILHO, A. C. Mortar reinforced with sisal: mechanical behavior in flexure. In. VEGETABLE PLANTS AND THEIR FIBRES AS BUILDING MATERIAL.Proceeding... No. 7, Rilem, Salvador, 1990.

[18] CHATVEERA, B.; NIMITYONGSKUL, P. Influence of rice husk ash on properties of sisal pulp-mortar composites ACI Special Publication, SP 154-11, Farmington Hills, p. 211-228. 1987.

[19] COUTTS, R.S.P.; WARDEN, P.G. Sisal pulp reinforced cement mortar.Cement & Concrete Composites, v.14, p. 17-21. 1992.

[20] ENGLAND, G.L.; TOLÊDO FILHO, R.D. Natural fibre reinforced concrete. In: ASIA-PACIFIC SPECIALTY CONFERENCE ON FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE. Singapore, p. 55-70. 1997.

[21] GHAVAMI, K.; TOLÊDO FILHO, R.D. Mechanical properties of composites reinforced with sisal fibre. FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPOSITE ENGINEERING, 1., New Orleans, August, p. 721-722, 1994.

[22] GHAVAMI, K.; TOLÊDO FILHO, R.D. Experimental analysis of cement mortar composites reinforced with natural fibres. SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPOSITE ENGINEERING, 2., New Orleans, August, 1995, p. 247-248.

[23] GRAM, H.E. Durability of natural fibres in concrete. Swedish Cement and Concrete Research Institute, Research Fo. 1:83, 1983, 225 p.

[24] GRAM, H.E. Natural Fibre Concrete Roofing, In: R.N. Swamy ed.Natural fibre reinforced cement and concrete London: Blackie and Son Ltd., 1988, Vol. 5, p. 256-285.

[25] GUIMARÃES, S. S. Experimental mixing and moulding with vegetable fibre reinforced cement composites. In: Ghavami K.; Fang, H. Y. ed. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON DEVELOPMENT OF LOW-COST END ENERGY SAVING CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS, 1984, Rio de Janeiro, p. 37-52.

[26] GUIMARÃES, S. S. Some experiments in vegetable fibre-cement composites. SYMPOSIUM ON BUILDING MATERIALS, FOR LOW-INCOME HOUSING, Bangkok, Thailand, Jan. 20-26, 1987. 20-26, pp. 167-175.

[27] JOSEPH, K.;TOLEDO FILHO, R. D.; JAMES, B.; THOMAS, S.; CARVALHO, L.H. The use of sisal fibre as reinforcements in polymer in composites,Brazilian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, 1999. Submitted

[28] KOBAYASHI, K.; CHO, R. Flexural behavior of polyethylene fibre reinforced concrete, International Journal of Cement Composites and Lightweight Concrete, London, v. 3, February, p-19-25, 1981.

[29] MAWENYA, A.S.; MWAMILA, B.L.M. Characteristics of sisal as a reinforcing fibre Faculty of Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam, p. 1-22, 1979.

[30] MORRISSEY, F.E.; COUTTS, R.S.P. Bond between cellulose fibres and cement. The International Journal of Composites and Lightweight Concrete, London, v.7, n.2, May, p-73-80, 1985.

[31] MUKHERJEE, K.G.; SATYANARAYANA, K.G. Structure and properties of some vegetable fibres. Part 1: Sisal fibre. Journal of Materials Science, London, v.19, p. 3925-3934, 1984.

[32] MWAMILA, B.L.M. Flexural behaviour of concrete elements reinforced with sisal fibres Dar es Salaam: University of Dar es Salaam, 1979. 185p. M.Sc. Thesis

[33] MWAMILA, B.L.M. Natural Twines as Main Reinforcement in Concrete Beams, The International Journal of Composites and Lightweight Concrete, London, v.7, February, p-11-19, 1985.

[34] MWAMILA, B.L.M. Characteristics of natural fibrous reinforcement in cement-based matrices. SYMPOSIUM ON BUILDING MATERIALS, FOR LOW-INCOME HOUSING, Bangkok, Thailand, Jan. 20-26, 1987. p. 87-93.

[35] NILSSON, L. Reinforcement of concrete with sisal and other vegetable fibres Stockholm: Swedish Council for Building Research, 1975, 68p. Document No D-14

[36] PARTEK AB. Research Laboratory in Pargas, Finland, 1979.

[37] PERSSON, H.; SKARENDAHL, A. Sisal-fibre concrete for roofing sheets and other purposes. Appropriate industrial technology for construction and building materials New York: United Nations, 1980. Monographs on Propriety Industrial Technical. No. 12

[38] ROMAULDI, J.P.; BATSON, G.B. Mechanics of crack arrest in concrete.Journal of the Engineering Mechanics Division, Proceedings of the ASCE, v. 89, n. EM3, p. 147-168, Jun. 1963

[39] SANJUÁN. M.A.; TOLÊDO FILHO, R.D. Effectiveness of crack control at early age on the corrosion of steel bars in low modulus sisal and coconut fibre-reinforced mortars. Cement and Concrete Research, v. 28, n. 4, p. 555-565, 1998.

[40] SAVASTANO JUNIOR, H.; AGOPYAN, V. Transition zone on hardened cement paste and vegetable fibre. In: Swamy, R. N. ed. FIBRE REINFORCED CEMENT AND CONCRETE, 1992. RILEM. London.

[41] SCHAFER, H. G.; BRUNSSEN, G.W. Sisal fibre reinforced lost form work for floor slabs. In: VEGETABLE PLANTS AND THEIR FIBRES AS BUILDING MATERIAL. 7.,Proceeding... Rilem, Salvador, 1990.

[42] SWIFT, D.G., Sisal-cement composites and their potential for rural Africa. In: I. H. Marshall ed. COMPOSITE STRUCTURES 3, Elsevier Science Publishers, 1985, pp. 774-787.

[43] SWIFT, D.G.; SMITH, R.S.L. Sisal fibre reinforcement of cement paste and concrete. In: MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. Bangkok, August, 1978, p. 221-233.

[44] SWIFT, D.G.; SMITH, R.S.L. Sisal-cement composites as low- cost construction materials. Appropriate Technology, London, v. 6, n. 3, p.6-8, November. 1979a.

[45] SWIFT, D.G.; SMITH, R.S.L. The flexural strength of cement-based composites using low modulus (sisal) fibres. Composites, London, v. 6, n. 3, p. 145-148, July, 1979b.

[46] TOLÊDO FILHO, R.D. Natural fibre reinforced mortar composites: Experimental characterisation, Rio de Janeiro: DEC/PUC, 1997, 472p. Ph.D. Thesis

[47] TOLÊDO FILHO, R.D. Utilização da fibra de sisal na construção civil. In: Silva, O.R.R.F.; Beltrão, N.E.M. eds. O agronegócio do sisal no Brasil Brasília: Embrapa/CNPA, 1999, p. 177-202.

[48] TOLÊDO FILHO, R. D.; GHAVAMI, K. Tensile properties of sisal and compression behaviour of cement mortar sisal composite. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPOSITE ENGINEERING, 3., 1996, New Orleans, Agosto.

[49] ZONSVELD, J.J. Properties and testing of concrete containing fibres other than steel. In: RILEM SYMPOSYUM ON FIBRE REINFORCED CEMENT AND CONCRETE. London, The Construction Press, 1975. p. 217-226.

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