The small foreigner: new laws will promote the introduction of non-native zooplankton in Brazilian aquatic environments

Coelho, Paula Nunes; Henry, Raoul

doi:10.1590/S2179-975X0717

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Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia

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Opinion Article • Acta Limnol. Bras. 29 • 2017 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S2179-975X0717 copy

The small foreigner: new laws will promote the introduction of non-native zooplankton in Brazilian aquatic environments

O pequeno forasteiro: novas leis favorecerão a introdução de espécies não-nativas de zooplâncton em ambientes aquáticos brasileiros

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstracts

Abstract

Non-native species of zooplankton have been introduced in Brazilian continental aquatic environments for a variety of reasons (e.g., non-native fish stocking, aquaculture), but many pathways of zooplankton introductions remain unknown. Recently, the governor of the State of Amazonas passed Law No. 79/2016, which allows for aquaculture operations using non-native fish in that state. This change in policy will likely result in the species introduction or propagule pressure of non-native zooplankton such as: Mesocyclops ogunnus Onabamiro, 1957; Kellicottia bostoniensis (Rousselet, 1908); Daphnia lumholtzi Sars, 1885; Lernaea cyprinacea (Linnaeus, 1758); Lamproglena monodi Capart, 1944. Of further concern is federal law No. 5989/09, which proposes the use of non-native fish in Brazilian aquaculture nationwide. We believe that both laws will intensify the introduction of non-native zooplankton. Once established in aquatic environments, non-native species of zooplankton could result in negative impacts (e.g., a loss of ecosystem services, food web alterations). Therefore, Brazilian authorities should incentivize the use of local native species rather than pass laws that threaten the environment.

Keywords:
biological invasions; propagule pressure; Neotropical; freshwater; environmental policy

Resumo

Espécies não-nativas de zooplâncton foram introduzidas em ambientes aquáticos continentais Brasileiros por uma variedade de razões (e.g., estocagem de peixes não nativos, aquicultura), mas muitas vias de introdução de zooplâncton permanecem desconhecidas. Recentemente, o governador do Estado do Amazonas aprovou a Lei nº 79/2016, que permite operações de aquicultura utilizando peixes não-nativos nesse estado. Esta mudança de política provavelmente resultará na introdução de espécies ou pressão de propágulos de zooplâncton não-nativos, tais como: Mesocyclops ogunnus Onabamiro, 1957; Kellicottia bostoniensis (Rousselet, 1908); Daphnia lumholtzi Sars, 1885; Lernaea cyprinacea (Linnaeus, 1758); Lamproglena monodi Capart, 1944. Outro motivo de preocupação é a lei federal, N ° 5989/09, que propõe o uso de peixes não-nativos na aquicultura brasileira em todo o país. Acreditamos que ambas as leis favorecerão a introdução de zooplâncton não-nativos. Uma vez estabelecido em ambientes aquáticos, zooplâncton não-nativos podem resultar em impactos negativos (e.g., uma perda nos serviços ecossistêmicos, alterações na cadeia alimentar). Portanto, as autoridades brasileiras deveriam incentivar o uso de espécies locais nativas em vez de aprovar leis que ameacem o meio ambiente.

Palavras-chave:
invasões biológicas; pressão de propágulo; Neotropical; água doce; política ambiental

In Brazil, non-native zooplankton species were introduced in continental aquatic environments for different reasons (see Table 1), mainly associated with fish (Gabrielli & Orsi, 2000GABRIELLI, M.A. and ORSI, M.L. Dispersion of (Linnaeus) (Crustacea, Copepoda) in the north area of the Paraná State, Brasil. Lernaea cyprinaceaRevista Brasileira de Zoologia, 2000, 17(2), 395-399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752000000200010.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752000... ; Silva & Roche, 2017SILVA, W.M. and ROCHE, K.F. Occurrence of the Afro-Asian species Onabamiro, 1957 (Crustacea: Copepoda) in the Amazon River basin. Mesocyclops ogunnusBrazilian Journal of Biology = Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 2017, 77(1), 209-211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.14515. PMid:27382994.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.1451... ). For instance, Mesocyclops ogunnus Onabamiro, 1957, has already been introduced through the cultivation of tilapia in the Amazon basin: however, in this region this species seems so far to be restricted to the Jamari River (Silva & Roche, 2017SILVA, W.M. and ROCHE, K.F. Occurrence of the Afro-Asian species Onabamiro, 1957 (Crustacea: Copepoda) in the Amazon River basin. Mesocyclops ogunnusBrazilian Journal of Biology = Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 2017, 77(1), 209-211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.14515. PMid:27382994.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.1451... ; Figure 1). Another example is the Kellicottia bostoniensis (Rousselet, 1908) which was introduced in lakes of the Middle River Doce, in Minas Gerais State (Peixoto et al., 2010PEIXOTO, R.S., BRANDÃO, L.P.M., VALADARES, C.D.F. and BARBOSA, P.M.M. Occurrence of (Rousselet, 1908) and Onabamiro, 1957 in lakes of the Middle River Doce, MG, Brazil. Kellicottia bostoniensisMesocyclops ogunnusActa Limnologica Brasiliensia, 2010, 22(3), 356-360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S2179-975X2010000300012.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S2179-975X2010... ). Copepods of the family Lernaeidae [e.g., Lernaea cyprinacea (Linnaeus, 1758)] were also introduced in Brazilian environments together with fish (e.g., Gabrielli & Orsi, 2000GABRIELLI, M.A. and ORSI, M.L. Dispersion of (Linnaeus) (Crustacea, Copepoda) in the north area of the Paraná State, Brasil. Lernaea cyprinaceaRevista Brasileira de Zoologia, 2000, 17(2), 395-399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752000000200010.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752000... ; Azevedo et al., 2012AZEVEDO, R.K.D., ABDALLAH, V.D., SILVA, R.J.D., AZEVEDO, T.M., MARTINS, M.L. and LUQUE, J.L. Expanded description of (Copepoda: Lernaeidae), parasitizing native and introduced fishes in Brazil. Lamproglena monodiRevista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária, 2012, 21(3), 263-269. PMid:23070437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612012000300015.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612012... ).

Thumbnail

Table 1
Examples of non-native zooplankton species introduced into Brazilian freshwater environments and their possible paths.

Figure 1
Examples of non-native zooplankton introduced in different Brazilian environments: Ceriodaphnia dubia, yellow circle; Daphnia lumholtzi, black circle; Kellicottia bostoniensis, white circle; Lamproglena monodi, pink circle; Lernaea cyprinacea, orange circle; Mesocyclops ogunnus, red circle (Sampling sites; see ).

The governor of the State of Amazonas passed Law No. 79/2016, which, among other things, allows aquaculture of non-native fishes in that state (Tofoli et al., 2016TOFOLI, R.M., ALVES, G.H.Z., DIAS, R.M. and GOMES, L.C. Brazil’s Amazonian fish at risk by decree. Science, 2016, 353(6296), 229. PMid:27418496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aag2922.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aag292... ; Padial et al., 2017PADIAL, A.A., AGOSTINHO, Â.A., AZEVEDO-SANTOS, V.M., FREHSE, F.A., LIMA-JUNIOR, D.P., MAGALHÃES, A.L.B., MORMUL, R.P., PELICICE, F.M., BEZERRA, L.A.V., ORSI, M.L., PETRERE-JUNIOR, M. and VITULE, J.R.S. The “Tilapia Law” encouraging non-native fish threatens Amazonian River basins. Biodiversity and Conservation, 2017, 26(1), 243-246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-016-1229-0.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-016-122... ). In addition, there is also a federal Project Law No. 5989/09, which intends to allow aquaculture of non-native fishes (including carps and tilapias) in reservoirs of Brazil (Azevedo-Santos et al., 2011AZEVEDO-SANTOS, V.M., RIGOLIN-SÁ, O. and PELICICE, F.M. Growing, losing or introducing? Cage aquaculture as a vector for the introduction of non-native fish in Furnas Reservoir, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology, 2011, 9(4), 915-919. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252011000400024.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252011... ; Vitule et al., 2012VITULE, J.R.S., LIMA JUNIOR, D.P., PELICICE, F.M., ORSI, M. and AGOSTINHO, A.A. Ecology: preserve Brazil’s aquatic biodiversity. Nature, 2012, 485(7398), 309-309. PMid:22596145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/485309c.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/485309c... ; Pelicice et al., 2014PELICICE, F.M., VITULE, J.R.S., LIMA JUNIOR, D.P., ORSI, M.L. and AGOSTINHO, A.A. A serious new threat to Brazilian freshwater ecosystems: the naturalization of nonnative fish by decree. Conservation Letters, 2014, 7(1), 55-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/conl.12029.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/conl.12029... ). This change in policy will result in introductions of non-native fishes (Azevedo-Santos et al., 2011AZEVEDO-SANTOS, V.M., RIGOLIN-SÁ, O. and PELICICE, F.M. Growing, losing or introducing? Cage aquaculture as a vector for the introduction of non-native fish in Furnas Reservoir, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology, 2011, 9(4), 915-919. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252011000400024.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252011... ; Pelicice et al., 2014PELICICE, F.M., VITULE, J.R.S., LIMA JUNIOR, D.P., ORSI, M.L. and AGOSTINHO, A.A. A serious new threat to Brazilian freshwater ecosystems: the naturalization of nonnative fish by decree. Conservation Letters, 2014, 7(1), 55-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/conl.12029.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/conl.12029... ; Padial et al., 2017PADIAL, A.A., AGOSTINHO, Â.A., AZEVEDO-SANTOS, V.M., FREHSE, F.A., LIMA-JUNIOR, D.P., MAGALHÃES, A.L.B., MORMUL, R.P., PELICICE, F.M., BEZERRA, L.A.V., ORSI, M.L., PETRERE-JUNIOR, M. and VITULE, J.R.S. The “Tilapia Law” encouraging non-native fish threatens Amazonian River basins. Biodiversity and Conservation, 2017, 26(1), 243-246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-016-1229-0.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-016-122... ); however, we note that another consequence of these laws will be the increased introductions or a greater propagule pressure of non-native zooplankton species such as M. ogunnus, K. bostoniensis, Daphnia lumholtzi Sars, 1885, L. cyprinacea and Lamproglena monodi Capart, 1944 and several others. Adults and eggs of these species can by transported with small non-native fish (e.g., Peixoto et al., 2010PEIXOTO, R.S., BRANDÃO, L.P.M., VALADARES, C.D.F. and BARBOSA, P.M.M. Occurrence of (Rousselet, 1908) and Onabamiro, 1957 in lakes of the Middle River Doce, MG, Brazil. Kellicottia bostoniensisMesocyclops ogunnusActa Limnologica Brasiliensia, 2010, 22(3), 356-360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S2179-975X2010000300012.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S2179-975X2010... ) that will be stocked in cages or similar structures in rivers and/or reservoirs. In addition, zooplankton (Cladocera and Rotifera) can reproduce asexually (e.g., Allan, 1976ALLAN, J.D. Life history patterns in zooplankton. American Naturalist, 1976, 110(971), 165-180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/283056.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/283056... ), meaning that they could establish a population with just a single individual.

Non-native zooplankton present unique challenges that complicate their management. For example, the detection of microscopic zooplankton may take longer than other macroscopic non-native organisms (e.g., fish, molluscs), because of the necessity of microscope. In addition, the study of zooplankton communities requires high-frequency time series sampling, which often is not possible due to budgetary or logistic constraints. Finally, correct taxonomic identification of invertebrates often requires specialists. Even with specialists, unfamiliar microscopic organisms can lead to erroneous or doubtful identifications (e.g., Matsumura-Tundisi & Silva, 2002MATSUMURA-TUNDISI, T. and SILVA, W.M. Occurrence of Onabamiro, 1957 (Copepoda Cyclopoida) in water bodies of São Paulo state, identified as Van de Velde, 1984. Mesocyclops ogunnusMesocyclops kieferiBrazilian Journal of Biology = Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 2002, 62(4A), 615-620. PMid:12659011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842002000400009.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842002... ), and make it difficult to detect the introduction of organisms.

It is usually more difficult to control or eradicate an introduced non-native species once they are established (Lodge et al., 2006LODGE, D.M., WILLIAMS, S., MACISAAC, H.J., HAYES, K.R., LEUNG, B., REICHARD, S., MACK, R.N., MOYLE, P.B., SMITH, M., ANDOW, D.A., CARLTON, J.T. and MCMICHAEL, A. Biological invasions: recommendations for US policy and management. Ecological Applications, 2006, 16(6), 2035-2054. PMid:17205888. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[2035:BIRFUP]2.0.CO;2.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2006... ) and zooplankton can pose a high risk of adverse socio-ecological impacts (e.g., Foster & Sprules, 2009FOSTER, S.E. and SPRULES, W.G. Effects of on the trophic position of native macroinvertebrates. BythotrephesCanadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 2009, 67(1), 58-69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/F09-164.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/F09-164... ). For instance, the establishment of the non-native cladoceran Bythotrephes longimanus into Lake Mendota (U.S.A.) directly influenced the food web through a trophic cascade, caused a decline in water clarity and accelerated the effects of cultural eutrophication (Walsh et al., 2016WALSH, J.R., CARPENTER, S.R. and ZANDEN, M.J.V. Invasive species triggers a massive loss of ecosystem services through a trophic cascade. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2016, 113(15), 4081-4085. PMid:27001838. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1600366113.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.160036611... ). Thus, the best solution is to prevent new events of introduction (Azevedo-Santos et al., 2015AZEVEDO-SANTOS, V.M., PELICICE, F.M., LIMA-JUNIOR, D.P., MAGALHÃES, A.L.B., ORSI, M.L., VITULE, J.R.S. and AGOSTINHO, A.A. How to avoid fish introductions in Brazil: education and information as alternatives. Natureza & Conservação, 2015, 13(2), 123-132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ncon.2015.06.002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ncon.2015.06... ). Once established, damages may be irreversible and expensive. In this context, Brazilian politicians and authorities should incentivize the use of local native fish species rather than pass laws that threaten the environment and the natural resources of the future generations (Lima Junior et al., 2012LIMA JUNIOR, D.P., PELICICE, F.M., VITULE, J.R.S. and AGOSTINHO, A.A.. Aquicultura, política e meio ambiente no Brasil: Novas propostas e velhos equívocos. Natureza & Conservação, 2012, 10(1), 88-91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/natcon.2012.015.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/natcon.2012.01... ). In addition, political decisions must be made on the basis of scientific evidence to avoid unsustainable development (Azevedo-Santos et al., 2017AZEVEDO-SANTOS, V.M., FEARNSIDE, P.M., OLIVEIRA, C.S., PADIAL, A.A., PELICICE, F.M., LIMA, D.P. Jr., SIMBERLOFF, D., LOVEJOY, T.E., MAGALHÃES, A.L.B., ORSI, M.L., AGOSTINHO, A.A., ESTEVES, F.A., POMPEU, P.S., LAURANCE, W.F., PETRERE, M. Jr., MORMUL, R.P. and VITULE, J.R.S. Removing the abyss between conservation science and policy decisions in Brazil. Biodiversity and Conservation, 2017. In press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-017-1316-x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-017-131... ). In conclusion, we make a call the development of protocols that will minimize the introduction of non-native zooplankton (and other organisms) due to aquaculture operations in aquatic environments.

Acknowledgements

We wish thanks to Jake Walsh, for the valuable suggestions, and Douglas D. Kane, for editing the English.

Cite as: Coelho, P.N. and Henry, R. The small foreigner: new laws will promote the introduction of non-native zooplankton in Brazilian aquatic environments. Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia, 2017, vol. 29, e7.

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ZANATA, L.H., ESPÍNDOLA, E.L.G., ROCHA, O. and PEREIRA, R.H.G. First record of Daphnia lumholtzi (Sars, 1885), exotic cladoceran, in São Paulo state (Brazil ).Brazilian Journal of Biology = Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 2003, 63(4), 717-720. PMid:15029383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842003000400019
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Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
2017

History

Received
25 Jan 2017
Accepted
25 Apr 2017

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Species	Geographical origin	Locality of introduction	Reasons of introduction	References
Ceriodaphnia dubia Richard, 1894	Europe	Belgo-Mineira Lagoon (Doce River Basin) and Machado Mineiro Reservoir (Pardo River Basin)	Unknown	Eskinazi-Sant’Anna et al. (2005)ESKINAZI-SANT’ANNA, E.M., MAIA-BARBOSA, P.M., BRITO, S. and RIETZLER, A.C. Zooplankton biodiversity of Minas Gerais state: a preliminary synthesis of present knowledge. Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia, 2005, 17(2), 199-218.; Santos-Wisniewski et al. (2011) SANTOS-WISNIEWSKI, M.J., MATSUMURA-TUNDISI, T., NEGREIROS, N.F., SILVA, L.C., SANTOS, R.M. and ROCHA, O. O estado atual do conhecimento da diversidade dos Cladocera (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) nas águas doces do estado de Minas Gerais. Biota Neotropica, 2011, 11(3), 287-301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032011000300024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032011...
Ceriodaphnia dubia Richard, 1894	Europe	Furnas, Billings and Taiaçupeba Reservoirs (Paraná River Basin)	Ecotoxicological tests	Abreu et al. (2010)ABREU, M.J., SANTOS-WISNIEWSKI, M.J., ROCHA, O. and ORLANDO, T.C. The use of PCR-RFLP to genetically distinguish the morphologically close species: Ceriodaphnia dubia Richard, 1894 and . Ceriodaphnia silvestrii Daday, 1902 (Crustacea Cladocera)Brazilian Journal of Biology = Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 2010, 70(1), 121-124. PMid:20231967. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842010000100016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842010... ; Rocha et al. (2011)ROCHA, O., SANTOS-WISNIEWSKI, M.J. and MATSUMURA-TUNDISI, T. Checklist de Cladocera de água doce do Estado de São Paulo. Biota Neotropica, 2011, 11(Suppl 1), 571-592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032011000500024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032011...
Daphnia lumholtzi (Sars, 1885)	Australia, southwestern Asia and Africa	Três Irmãos Reservoir (Paraná River Basin)	Fish stocking	Zanata et al. (2003)ZANATA, L.H., ESPÍNDOLA, E.L.G., ROCHA, O. and PEREIRA, R.H.G. First record of Daphnia lumholtzi (Sars, 1885), exotic cladoceran, in São Paulo state (Brazil ).Brazilian Journal of Biology = Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 2003, 63(4), 717-720. PMid:15029383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842003000400019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842003...
Kellicottia bostoniensis (Rousselet, 1908)	North America	Itapecerica River (São Francisco River Basin)	Unknown	Ferraz et al. (2009)FERRAZ, H.D.A., LANDA, G.G. and PAPROCKI, H. Zooplankton of an urban stretch, Itapecerica river, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Check List, 2009, 5(4), 890-894. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/5.4.890. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/5.4.890...
		Lake Dom Helvécio (Doce River Basin)	Unknown	Maia-Barbosa et al. (2008)MAIA-BARBOSA, P.M., PEIXOTO, R.S. and GUIMARÃES, A.S. Zooplankton in littoral waters of a tropical lake: a revisited biodiversity. Brazilian Journal of Biology = Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 2008, 68(4, Suppl), 1069-1078. PMid:19197477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842008000500014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842008...
		Lakes Carioca, Águas Claras and Jacaré (Doce River Basin)	Fish stocking	Peixoto et al. (2010)PEIXOTO, R.S., BRANDÃO, L.P.M., VALADARES, C.D.F. and BARBOSA, P.M.M. Occurrence of (Rousselet, 1908) and Onabamiro, 1957 in lakes of the Middle River Doce, MG, Brazil. Kellicottia bostoniensisMesocyclops ogunnusActa Limnologica Brasiliensia, 2010, 22(3), 356-360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S2179-975X2010000300012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S2179-975X2010...
		Paiva Castro, Billings, Águas Claras, Taiaçupeba, Jundiaí, Guarapiranga Reservoirs (Paraná River Basin)	Unknown	Lucinda et al. (2004)LUCINDA, I., MORENO, I.H., MELÃO, M.G.G. and MATSUMURA-TUNDISI, T. Rotifers in freshwater habitats in the upper Tietê river basin, São Paulo State, Brazil. Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia, 2004, 16(3), 203-224.
		Furnas and Lagoa do Nado Reservoirs (Paraná River Basin)	Ballast water	Edmondson (1959)EDMONDSON, W.T. Freshwater biology. New York: John Wiley, 1959.; Reid & Pinto-Coelho, (1994)REID, J.W. and PINTO-COELHO, R.M. An Afro-Asian continental copepod, , found in Brazil; with a new key to the species of in South America and a review of intercontinental introductions of copepods. Mesocyclops ogunnusMesocyclopsLimnologica Jena, 1994, 24(4), 359-368. apud Bezerra-Neto et al. (2004)BEZERRA-NETO, J.F., AGUILA, L.R., LANDA, G.G. and PINTO-COELHO, R.M. The exotic rotifer (Rousselet, 1908) (Rotifera: Brachionidae) in the zooplankton community in a tropical reservoir. Kellicottia bostoniensisLundiana, 2004, 5(2), 151-153.
		Furnas Reservoir (Paraná River Basin)	Unknown	Landa et al. (2002)LANDA, G.G., DEL AGUILA, L.M.R. and PINTO-COELHO, R.M. Distribuição espacial e temporal de (Rousselet, 1908) (Rotifera) em um grande reservatório tropical (reservatório de Furnas), Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Kellicottia bostoniensisActa Scientiarum, 2002, 24, 313-319.
		Xirica, São João and Saraiva Lagoons (Paraná River Basin)	Unknown	Bomfim et al. (2015)BOMFIM, F.F., SCHWIND, L.T.F., BONECKER, C.C. and LANSAC-TÔHA, F.A. Variação espacial de rotíferos planctônicos: diversidade e riqueza de espécies. Arquivos do Museu Dinâmico Interdisciplinar, 2015, 19(1), 45-56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/arqmudi.v19i1.28230. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/arqmudi.v19i1....
Lernaea cyprinacea (Linnaeus, 1758)	Europe, Asia, Africa and North America	Santo Antônio stream (Paraíba do Sul River Basin)	Aquaculture	Magalhães (2006)MAGALHÃES, A.L.B. First record of lernaeosis in a native fish species from a natural environment in Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Pan-American Journal of Aquatic Sciences, 2006, 1(1), 8-10.
		São Francisco River (São Francisco River Basin)	Unknown	Demaree Junior (1967)DEMAREE JUNIOR, R.S. Ecology and external morphology of Lernaea cyprinacea. American Midland Naturalist, 1967, 78(2), 416-427. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2485239. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2485239... ; Santos & Brasil-Sato (2004)SANTOS, M.D. and BRASIL-SATO, M.C. Parasitos metazoários de (Reinhardt, 1874), “serrudo” (Siluriformes: Doradidae) do rio São Francisco, Brasil. Franciscodoras marmoratusRevista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária, 2004, 13(1), 18-22.
		Paranapanema, Taquari and Tabagi Rivers (Paraná River Basin)	Aquaculture	Gabrielli & Orsi (2000)GABRIELLI, M.A. and ORSI, M.L. Dispersion of (Linnaeus) (Crustacea, Copepoda) in the north area of the Paraná State, Brasil. Lernaea cyprinaceaRevista Brasileira de Zoologia, 2000, 17(2), 395-399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752000000200010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752000... ; Acosta et al. (2013)ACOSTA, A.A., CARVALHO, E.D. and SILVA, R.J. First record of Lernaea cyprinacea (Copepoda) in a native fish species from a Brazilian river. Neotropical Helminthology, 2013, 7(1), 7-12.
Mesocyclops ogunnus Onabamiro, 1957	Africa and Asia	Furnas Reservoir (Paraná River Basin)	Fish stocking	Van de Velde (1984); Reid & Pinto-Coelho (1994)VAN DE VELDE, I. Revision of the African species of the genus Sars, 1914 (Copepoda: Cyclopidae). MesocyclopsHydrobiologia, 1984, 109(1), 3-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00006297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00006297...
		Guaraná and Pato Lakes (Paraná River Basin)	Unknown	Lansac-Tôha et al. (2002)LANSAC-TÔHA, F.A., VELHO, L.F.M., HIGUTI, J. and TAKAHASHI, E.M. Cyclopidae (Crustacea, Copepoda) from the upper Paraná river floodplain, Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology = Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 2002, 62(1), 125-133. PMid:12185912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842002000100015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842002...
		Barra Bonita, Bariri, Ibitinga, Promissão, Nova Avanhandava, Três Irmãos and Juruminin Reservoirs (Paraná River Basin)	Fish stocking	Van de Velde (1984)VAN DE VELDE, I. Revision of the African species of the genus Sars, 1914 (Copepoda: Cyclopidae). MesocyclopsHydrobiologia, 1984, 109(1), 3-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00006297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00006297... ; Matsumura-Tundisi & Silva (2002) MATSUMURA-TUNDISI, T. and SILVA, W.M. Occurrence of Onabamiro, 1957 (Copepoda Cyclopoida) in water bodies of São Paulo state, identified as Van de Velde, 1984. Mesocyclops ogunnusMesocyclops kieferiBrazilian Journal of Biology = Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 2002, 62(4A), 615-620. PMid:12659011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842002000400009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842002...
		Lake Dom Helvécio (Doce River Basin)	Unknown	Maia-Barbosa et al. (2008)MAIA-BARBOSA, P.M., PEIXOTO, R.S. and GUIMARÃES, A.S. Zooplankton in littoral waters of a tropical lake: a revisited biodiversity. Brazilian Journal of Biology = Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 2008, 68(4, Suppl), 1069-1078. PMid:19197477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842008000500014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842008...
		Lake Dom Helvécio (Doce River Basin)	Fish stocking	Peixoto et al. (2010)PEIXOTO, R.S., BRANDÃO, L.P.M., VALADARES, C.D.F. and BARBOSA, P.M.M. Occurrence of (Rousselet, 1908) and Onabamiro, 1957 in lakes of the Middle River Doce, MG, Brazil. Kellicottia bostoniensisMesocyclops ogunnusActa Limnologica Brasiliensia, 2010, 22(3), 356-360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S2179-975X2010000300012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S2179-975X2010...
		Três Lagoas	Fish stocking	Van de Velde (1984)VAN DE VELDE, I. Revision of the African species of the genus Sars, 1914 (Copepoda: Cyclopidae). MesocyclopsHydrobiologia, 1984, 109(1), 3-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00006297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00006297... ; Cardôso et al. (2013)CARDÔSO, H.C.B., FERREIRA, E.N., SILVA, B.Q. and LOPEZ, L.C.S. Onabamiro 1957 (Crustacea: Copepoda: Cyclopoida): First report for northeastern Brazil. Mesocyclops ogunnusCheck List, 2013, 9(5), 1098-1100. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/9.5.1098. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/9.5.1098...
		Jamari River (Amazon River Basin )	Aquaculture	Van de Velde (1984)VAN DE VELDE, I. Revision of the African species of the genus Sars, 1914 (Copepoda: Cyclopidae). MesocyclopsHydrobiologia, 1984, 109(1), 3-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00006297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00006297... ; Silva & Roche (2017)SILVA, W.M. and ROCHE, K.F. Occurrence of the Afro-Asian species Onabamiro, 1957 (Crustacea: Copepoda) in the Amazon River basin. Mesocyclops ogunnusBrazilian Journal of Biology = Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 2017, 77(1), 209-211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.14515. PMid:27382994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.1451...
Lamproglena monodi Capart, 1944,	Africa	Guandu River (Paraíba do Sul River Basin)	Aquaculture or fish stocking	Azevedo et al. (2012)AZEVEDO, R.K.D., ABDALLAH, V.D., SILVA, R.J.D., AZEVEDO, T.M., MARTINS, M.L. and LUQUE, J.L. Expanded description of (Copepoda: Lernaeidae), parasitizing native and introduced fishes in Brazil. Lamproglena monodiRevista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária, 2012, 21(3), 263-269. PMid:23070437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612012000300015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612012...

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[1] Cite as: Coelho, P.N. and Henry, R. The small foreigner: new laws will promote the introduction of non-native zooplankton in Brazilian aquatic environments. Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia, 2017, vol. 29, e7.