Abstract
Innovative procedures have been proposed recently for monitoring laboratory tests using photogrammetry and image processing. In spite of the growing interest, most existing research is still highly focused on the theoretical development of the procedures, being experimental tests only performed for validation. This manuscript aims at providing a practical demonstration of the advantages of using these new techniques in laboratory tests up to failure. In this scope, focus is given to the assessment of the curvature of reinforced concrete beams, since this parameter is crucial for characterising the structural response both in service conditions and in ultimate limit states. In conclusion, it can be stated that these new techniques can be used in combination with, or even as a replacement of, more traditional methods (such as LVDTs and DEMECs), monitoring a significantly higher number of points and without placement restrictions. The limitation is mostly related to the strain precision that is not adequate for monitoring serviceability conditions. Nevertheless, the curvature can be assessed in short time intervals and lengths, respectively of few seconds and centimetres, independently of the presence of cracks and the plastic hinge location, in this case circumventing several of the drawbacks presented by traditional methods.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Hegger J, Sherif A, Görtz S (2004) Investigation of pre-and postcracking shear behavior of prestressed concrete beams using innovative measuring techniques. ACI Struct J 101(2):183–192
Lange J, Benning W, Siering K (2006) Crack detection at concrete construction units from photogrammetric data using image processing procedures. In: ISPRS Commission VII Mid-term symposium remote sensing: from pixels to processes, Enschede, 8–11 May 2006, pp 493–496
Dias-da-Costa D, Valença J, Júlio E (2011) Laboratorial test monitoring applying photogrammetric post-processing procedures to surface displacements. Measurement 44(3):527–538. doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2010.11.014
Valença J, Júlio E, Araújo H (2012) Application of photogrammetry to structural assessment. Exp Tech 36(5):71–81. doi:10.1111/j.1747-1567.2011.00731.x
Hoffman ME, Manevitz LM, Wong EK, Geers MGG, De Borst R, Brekelmans WAM (1996) Computing strain fields from discrete displacement fields in 2D-solids. Int J Solids Struct 33(29):4293–4307. doi:10.1016/0020-7683(95)00240-5
Abdel-Quarter I, Abudayyeh O, Kelly M (2003) Analysis of edge detection techniques for crack identification in bridges. J Comput Civ Eng 17(3):255–263. doi:10.1061/~ASCE!0887-3801~2003!17:4~255!
Valença J, Dias-da-Costa D, Júlio ENBS (2012) Characterisation of concrete cracking during laboratorial tests using image processing. Constr Build Mater 28(1):607–615. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.08.082
Hutchinson TC, Chen Z (2006) Improved image analysis for evaluating concrete damage. J Comput Civil Eng 20(3):210–216
Valença J, Dias-da-Costa D, Júlio E, Araújo H, Costa H (2013) Automatic crack monitoring using photogrammetry and image processing. Measurement 46(1):433–441. doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2012.07.019
Bachmann H (1967) Zur plastizitätstheoretischen Berechnung statisch unbestimmter Stahlbetonbalken (in German). Technische Hochschule, Zürich
Al-Haddad MS (1995) Curvature ductility of RC beams under low and high strain rates. ACI Struct J 92(5):526–534
CEB (1998) Ductility of reinforced concrete structures. Bulletin d’Information no 242, Lausanne
CEN (2004) EN 1992-1-1: Eurocode 2: design of concrete structures—part 1-1: general rules and rules for buildings. European Committee for Standardization (CEN), Brussels
Carmo RNF, Lopes SM (2005) Influence of the shear force and transverse reinforcement ratio on plastic rotation capacity. Struct Concr 6(3):107–117
Carmo RNF, Costa H, Lourenço C, Andrade D, Simões T (2013) Influence of both concrete strength and transverse confinement on bending behaviour of reinforced LWAC beams. Eng Struct 48:329–341. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.09.030
EN 12390 (2009) Testing hardened concrete. European Committee for Standardisation, Brussels
Criminisi A, Reid I, Zisserman A (2000) Single view metrology. Int J Comput Vis 40(2):123–148. doi:10.1023/a:1026598000963
Granshaw SI (1980) Bundle adjustment methods in engineering photogrammetry. Photogram Rec 10(56):181–207. doi:10.1111/j.1477-9730.1980.tb00020.x
Ballard D (1981) Generalizing the Hough transform to find arbitrary shapes. Pattern Recogn 13:111–122
Barber CB, Dobkin DP, Huhdanpaa H (1996) The quickhull algorithm for convex hulls. ACM Trans Math Softw 22(4):469–483. doi:10.1145/235815.235821
Schlangen E (1993) Experimental and numerical analysis of fracture processes in concrete. Delft University of Technology, Delft
Park R, Paulay T (1975) Reinforced concrete structures. Wiley, New York
Buchaim R (2001) A influência da não-linearidade física do concreto armado na rigidez à flexão e na capacidade de rotação plástica (in Portuguese). São Paulo University, São Paulo
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to express their gratitude to the Department of Civil Engineering of Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra for providing the conditions to carry out the experimental test, namely Hugo Costa, Tiago Simões, Cátia Lourenço and Diogo Andrade.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Dias-da-Costa, D., Valença, J. & do Carmo, R.N.F. Curvature assessment of reinforced concrete beams using photogrammetric techniques. Mater Struct 47, 1745–1760 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-013-0148-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-013-0148-8