Nanotoxicity of Inert Materials: The Case of Gold, Silver and Iron

Authors

  • Muhammad Umair Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS) Lahore, Pakistan.
  • Ibrahim Javed Department of Chemistry, SBA School of Science & Engineering (SBASSE), Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), DHA, Lahore Cantt - 54792, Lahore, Pakistan.
  • Mubashar Rehman Department of Pharmacy, Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100 Pakistan.
  • Asadullah Madni Department of Pharmacy, Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100 Pakistan.
  • Aqeel Javeed Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS) Lahore, Pakistan.
  • Aamir Ghafoor University Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS) Lahore, Pakistan.
  • Muhammad Ashraf Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS) Lahore, Pakistan.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18433/J31021

Abstract

Nanotechnology has opened a new horizon of research in various fields including applied physics, chemistry, electronics, optics, robotics, biotechnology and medicine. In the biomedical field, nanomaterials have shown remarkable potential as theranostic agents. Materials which are considered inert are often used in nanomedicine owning to their nontoxic profile. At nanoscale, these inert materials have shown unique properties that differ from bulk and dissolved counterparts. In the case of metals, this unique behavior not only imparts paramount advantages but also confers toxicity due to their unwanted interaction with different cellular processes. In the literature, the toxicity of nanoparticles made from inert materials has been investigated and many of these have revealed toxic potential under specific conditions. The surge to understand underlying mechanism of toxicity has increased and different means have been employed to overcome toxicity problems associated with these agents. In this review, we have focused nanoparticles of three inert metallic materials i.e. gold, silver and iron as these are regarded as biologically inert in the bulk and dissolved form. These materials have gained wider research interest and studies indicating the toxicity of these materials are also emerging. Oxidative stress, physical binding and interference with intracellular signaling are the major role player in nanotoxicity and their predominance is highly dependent upon size, surface coating and administered dose of nanoparticles. Current strategies to overcome toxicity have also been reviewed in the light of recent literature. The authors also suggested that uniform testing standards and well-designed studies are needed to evaluate nanotoxicity of these materials that are otherwise considered as inert.

 

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Published

2016-05-23

How to Cite

Umair, M., Javed, I., Rehman, M., Madni, A., Javeed, A., Ghafoor, A., & Ashraf, M. (2016). Nanotoxicity of Inert Materials: The Case of Gold, Silver and Iron. Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, 19(2), 161–180. https://doi.org/10.18433/J31021

Issue

Section

Review Articles