Abstract
The thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity of four natural granitoid samples were simultaneously measured at high pressures (up to 1.5 GPa) and temperatures (up to 988 K) in a multi-anvil apparatus using the transient plane-source method. Experimental results show that thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity decreased with increasing temperature (<600 K) and remain constant or slightly increase at a temperature range from 700 to 988 K. Thermal conductivity decreases 23–46% between room temperature and 988 K, suggesting typical manifestations of phonon conductivity. At higher temperatures, an additional radiative contribution is observed in four natural granitoids. Pressure exerts a weak but clear and positive influence on thermal transport properties. The thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity of all granitoid samples exhibit a positive linear dependence on quartz content, whereas a negative linear dependence on plagioclase content appears. Combining these results with the measured densities, thermal diffusivity, and thermal conductivity, and specific heat capacities of end-member minerals, the thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity and bulk heat capacities for granitoids predicted from several mixing models are found to be consistent with the present experimental data. Furthermore, by combining the measured thermal properties and surface heat flows, calculated geotherms suggest that the presence of partial melting induced by muscovite or biotite dehydration likely occurs in the upper-middle crust of southern Tibet. This finding provides new insights into the origin of low-velocity and high-conductivity anomaly zones revealed by geophysical observations in this region.
Acknowledgments
We thank the associate editor S. Demouchy, Bruno Scaillet, and one anonymous reviewer for their constructive comments that greatly improved the manuscript. We also appreciate the helps of Hongfeng Tang for thin section identification, Xiaozhi Yang for FTIR measurements and Akira Yoneda for assistance in data fitting.
Funding
This study was supported by the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences of CAS (ZDBS-LY-DQC015), the Strategic Priority Research Program (B) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB18010401), the 1000Plan Program for Young Talents and Hundred Talent Program of CAS, NSF of China (41973056, 41773056, 41303048), and Science Foundation of Guizhou Province (2017-1196, 2018-1176). The authors declare no competing financial interests.
References cited
Abdulagatov, Z.Z., Abdulagatova, I.M., and Emirov, S.N. (2009) Effect of temperature and pressure on the thermal conductivity of sandstone. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 46, 1055–1071.10.1016/j.ijrmms.2009.04.011Search in Google Scholar
Anderson, D.L., and Kanamori, H. (1968) Shock-wave equations of state for rocks and minerals. Journal of Geophysical Research, 73(20), 6477–6502.10.1029/JB073i020p06477Search in Google Scholar
Annen, C., Blundy, J.D., and Sparks, R.S.J. (2005) The genesis of intermediate and silicic magmas in deep crustal hot zones. Journal of. Petrology, 47, 505–539.10.1093/petrology/egi084Search in Google Scholar
Bai, D., Unsworth, M.J., Meju, M.A., Ma, X., Teng, J., Kong, X., Sun, Y., Sun, J., Wang, L., Jiang, C., Zhao, C., Xiao, P., and Liu, M. (2010) Crustal deformation of the eastern Tibetan plateau revealed by magnetotelluric imaging. Nature Geoscience, 3(5), 358–362.10.1038/ngeo830Search in Google Scholar
Bea, F. (2012) The sources of energy for crustal melting and the geochemistry of heat-producing elements. Lithos, 153, 278–291.10.1016/j.lithos.2012.01.017Search in Google Scholar
Berman, R.G., and Brown, T.H. (1985) Heat capacity of minerals in the system Na2O-K2O-CaO-MgO-FeO-Fe2O3-Al2O3-SiO2-TiO2-H2O-CO2 representation, estimation, and high temperature extrapolation. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 89(2-3), 168–183.10.1007/BF00379451Search in Google Scholar
Birch, A.F., and Clark, H. (1940) The thermal conductivity of rocks and its dependence upon temperature and composition. American. Journal of Science, 238, 529–558.Search in Google Scholar
Branlund, J.M., Kameyama, M.C., Yuen, D.A., and Kaneda, Y. (2000) Effects of temperature-dependent thermal diffusivity on shear instability in a viscoelastic zone: implications for faster ductile faulting and earthquakes in the spinel stability field. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 182(2), 171–185.10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00239-9Search in Google Scholar
Branlund, J.M., and Hofmeister, A.M. (2007) Thermal diffusivity of quartz to 1000 °C: effects of impurities and the a-b phase transition. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 34(8), 581–595.10.1007/s00269-007-0173-7Search in Google Scholar
Branlund, J.M., and Hofmeister, A.M. (2008) Factors affecting heat transfer in natural SiO2 solids. American Mineralogist, 93, 1620–1629.10.2138/am.2008.2821Search in Google Scholar
Branlund, J.M., and Hofmeister, A.M. (2012) Heat transfer in plagioclase feldspars. American Mineralogist, 97, 1145–1154.10.2138/am.2012.3986Search in Google Scholar
Chang, Y.Y., Hsieh, W.P., Tan, E., and Chen, J. (2017) Hydration-reduced lattice thermal conductivity of olivine in Earth’s upper mantle. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(16), 4078–4081.10.1073/pnas.1616216114Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Clark, C., Fitzsimons, I.C.W., Healy, D., and Harley, S.L. (2011) How does the continental crust get really hot? Elements, 7, 235–240.10.2113/gselements.7.4.235Search in Google Scholar
Clauser, C. (2006) Geothermal energy. Renewable Energy, Landolt-Börnstein– Group VIII Advanced Materials and Technologies, 3C, 493–604.Search in Google Scholar
Clauser, C. (2009) Heat transport processes in the Earth’s crust. Surveys in Geophysics, 30(3), 163–191.10.1007/s10712-009-9058-2Search in Google Scholar
Clauser, C. (2011) Thermal storage and transport properties of rocks, I: Heat capacity and latent heat, p. 1423–1431. Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics. Springer, Dordrecht.10.1007/978-90-481-8702-7_238Search in Google Scholar
Clauser, C., and Huenges, E. (1995) Thermal conductivity of rocks and minerals. Rock Physics & Phase Relations, 3, 105–126.10.1029/RF003p0105Search in Google Scholar
Durham, W.B., Mirkovich, V.V., and Heard, H.C. (1987) Thermal diffusivity of igneous rocks at elevated pressure and temperature. Journal of Geophysical Research, 92, 11615–11634.10.1029/JB092iB11p11615Search in Google Scholar
Dzhavadov, L.N. (1975) Measurement of thermophysical properties of dielectrics under pressure. High Temperatures–High Pressures, 7, 49–54.Search in Google Scholar
Francheteau, J., Jaupart, C., Shen, X.J., Kang, W.H., Lee, D.L., Bai, J.C., Wei, H.P., and Deng, H.Y. (1984) High heat flow in southern Tibet. Nature, 307, 32–36.10.1038/307032a0Search in Google Scholar
Fuchs, S., Schütz, F., Förster, H.J., and Förster, A. (2013) Evaluation of common mixing models for calculating bulk thermal conductivity of sedimentary rocks: correction charts and new conversion equations. Geothermics, 47, 40–52.10.1016/j.geothermics.2013.02.002Search in Google Scholar
Fuchs, S., Förster, H.J., Braune, K., and Förster, A. (2018) Calculation of thermal conductivity of low-porous, isotropic plutonic rocks of the crust at ambient conditions from modal mineralogy and porosity: A viable alternative for direct measurement? Journal of Geophysical Research, 123(10), 8602–8614.10.1029/2018JB016287Search in Google Scholar
Furlong, K.P., and Chapman, D.S. (2013) Heat flow, heat generation, and the thermal state of the lithosphere. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 41, 385–410.10.1146/annurev.earth.031208.100051Search in Google Scholar
Glover, P.W.J. (1996) Graphite and electrical conductivity in the lower continental crust: a review. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 21, 279–287.10.1016/S0079-1946(97)00049-9Search in Google Scholar
Hacker, B.R., Ritzwoller, M.H., and Xie, J. (2014) Partially melted, mica-bearing crust in Central Tibet. Tectonics, 33(7), 1408–1424.10.1002/2014TC003545Search in Google Scholar
Hashin, Z., and Shtrikman, S. (1962) A variational approach to the theory of the effective magnetic permeability of multiphase materials. Journal of Applied Physics, 33, 3125–3131.10.1063/1.1728579Search in Google Scholar
Höfer, M., and Schilling, F.R. (2002) Heat transfer in quartz, orthoclase, and sanidine at elevated temperature. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 29, 571–584.10.1007/s00269-002-0277-zSearch in Google Scholar
Hofmeister, A.M. (1999) Mantle values of thermal conductivity and the geotherm from phonon lifetimes. Science, 283, 1699–1706.10.1126/science.283.5408.1699Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Hofmeister, A.M. (2007) Pressure dependence of thermal transport properties. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104, 9192–9197.10.1073/pnas.0610734104Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Hofmeister, A.M., Pertermann, M., Branlund, J.M., and Whittington, A.G. (2006) Geophysical implications of reduction in thermal conductivity due to hydration. Geophysical Research Letters, 33(11), L11310.10.1029/2006GL026036Search in Google Scholar
Huppert, H.E., and Sparks, R.S.J. (1988) The generation of granitic magmas by intrusion of basalt into continental crust. Journal of Petrology, 29, 599–624.10.1093/petrology/29.3.599Search in Google Scholar
Kanamori, H., Fujii, N., and Mizutani, H. (1968) Thermal diffusivity measurement of rock-forming minerals from 300° to 1100° K. Journal of Geophysical Research, 73(2), 595–605.10.1029/JB073i002p00595Search in Google Scholar
Lichtenecker, K.V. (1924) Der elektrische Leitungswiderstand künstlicher und natürlicher Aggregate. Phys. Z, 25(10), 225–233.Search in Google Scholar
Li, S., Unsworth, M.J., Booker, J.R., Wei, W., Tan, H., and Jones, A.G. (2003) Partial melt or aqueous fluid in the mid-crust of Southern Tibet? Constraints from INDEPTH magnetotelluric data. Geophysical Journal International, 153, 289–304.10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.01850.xSearch in Google Scholar
Maqsood, A., Gul, I.H., and Anisur Rehman, M. (2004) Thermal transport properties of granites in the temperature range 253–333 K. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 37(9), 1405–1409.10.1088/0022-3727/37/9/016Search in Google Scholar
McKenzie, D., Jackson, J., and Priestley, K. (2005) Thermal structure of oceanic and continental lithosphere. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 233, 337–349.10.1016/j.epsl.2005.02.005Search in Google Scholar
Merriman, J.D., Whittington, A.G., Hofmeister, A.M., Nabelek, P.I., and Benn, K. (2013) Thermal transport properties of major Archean rock types to high temperature and implications for cratonic geotherms. Precambrian Research, 233, 358–372.10.1016/j.precamres.2013.05.009Search in Google Scholar
Miao, S., Li, H., and Chen, G. (2014) The temperature dependence of thermal conductivity for lherzolites from the North China Craton and the associated constraints on the thermodynamic thickness of the lithosphere. Geophysical Journal International, 197(2), 900–909.10.1093/gji/ggu020Search in Google Scholar
Nabelek, P.I., Whittington, A.G., and Hofmeister, A.M. (2010) Strain heating as a mechanism for partial melting and ultrahigh temperature metamorphism in convergent orogens: Implications of temperature dependent thermal diffusivity and rheology. Journal of Geophysical Research, 115(B12), B12417.10.1029/2010JB007727Search in Google Scholar
Nelson, K.D., Zhao, W., Brown, L.D., Kuo, J., Che, J., Liu, X., Klemperer, S.L., Makovsky, Y., Meissner, R., Mechie, J., and others. (1996) Partially molten middle crust beneath southern Tibet: synthesis of project INDEPTH results. Science, 274, 1684–1688.10.1126/science.274.5293.1684Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Osako, M., Ito, E., and Yoneda, A. (2004) Simultaneous measurements of thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity for garnet and olivine under high pressure. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 143, 311–320.10.1016/j.pepi.2003.10.010Search in Google Scholar
Patiño Douce, A.E., and Harris, N. (1998) Experimental constraints on Himalayan anatexis. Journal of Petrology, 39, 689–710.10.1093/petroj/39.4.689Search in Google Scholar
Pertermann, M., Whittington, A.G., Hofmeister, A.M., Spera, F.J., and Zayak, J. (2008) Transport properties of low-sanidine single-crystals, glasses and melts at high temperature. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 155(6), 689–702.10.1007/s00410-007-0265-xSearch in Google Scholar
Pham, V.N., Boyer, D., Therme, P., Yuan, X.C., Li, L., and Jin, G.Y. (1986) Partial melting zones in the crust in southern Tibet from magnetotelluric results. Nature, 319, 310–314.10.1038/319310a0Search in Google Scholar
Pollack, H.N., and Chapman, D.S. (1977) On the regional variation of heat flow, geotherms, and lithospheric thickness. Tectonophysics, 38, 279–296.10.1016/0040-1951(77)90215-3Search in Google Scholar
Pollack, H.N., Hurter, S.J., and Johnson, J.R. (1993) Heat flow from the Earth’s interior: analysis of the global data set. Review of Geophysics, 31, 267–280.10.1029/93RG01249Search in Google Scholar
Ray, L., Förster, H.J., Schilling, F.R., and Förster, A. (2006) Thermal diffusivity of felsic to mafic granulites at elevated temperatures. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 251, 241–253.10.1016/j.epsl.2006.09.010Search in Google Scholar
Sawyer, E.W., Cesare, B., and Brown, M. (2011) When the continental crust melts. Elements, 7, 229–234.10.2113/gselements.7.4.229Search in Google Scholar
Seipold, U. (1992) Depth dependence of thermal transport properties for typical crustal rocks. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 69(3-4), 299–303.10.1016/0031-9201(92)90149-PSearch in Google Scholar
Smith, D.S., Fayette, S., Grandjean, S., Martin, C., Telle, R., and Tonnessen, T. (2003) Thermal resistance of grain boundaries in alumina ceramics and refractories. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 86(1), 105–111.10.1111/j.1151-2916.2003.tb03285.xSearch in Google Scholar
Wang, C., Yoneda, A., Osako, M., Ito, E., Yoshino, T., and Jin, Z. (2014) Measurement of thermal conductivity of omphacite, jadeite, and diopside up to 14 GPa and 1000 K: Implication for the role of eclogite in subduction slab. Journal of Geophysical Research, 119(8), 6277–6287.10.1002/2014JB011208Search in Google Scholar
Wei, W., Unsworth, M., Jones, A., Booker, J., Tan, H., Nelson, D., Chen, L., Li, S., Solon, K., Bedrosian, P., and others. (2001) Detection of widespread fluids in the Tibetan crust by magnetotelluric studies. Science, 292, 716–718.10.1126/science.1010580Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Whittington, A.G., Hofmeister, A.M., and Nabelek, P.I. (2009) Temperature-dependent thermal diffusivity of the Earth’s crust and implications for magmatism. Nature, 458, 319–321.10.1038/nature07818Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Yamazaki, D., Ito, E., Yoshino, T., Yoneda, A., Guo, X., Zhang, B., Sun, W., Shimojuku, A., Tsujino, N., Kunimoto, T., Higo, Y., and Funakoshi, K. (2012) P-V-T equation of state for e-iron up to 80 GPa and 1900 K using the Kawai-type high pressure apparatus equipped with sintered diamond anvils. Geophysical Research Letters, 39(20), L20308, doi:10.1029/2012GL053540.10.1029/2012GL053540Search in Google Scholar
Yoneda, A., Osako, M., and Ito, E. (2009) Heat capacity measurement under high pressure: A finite element method assessment. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 174(1–4), 309–314.10.1016/j.pepi.2008.10.004Search in Google Scholar
Zhao, X.G., Wang, J., Chen, F., Li, P.F., Ma, L.K., Xie, J.L., and Liu, Y.M. (2016) Experimental investigations on the thermal conductivity characteristics of Beishan granitic rocks for China’s HLW disposal. Tectonophysics, 683, 124–137.10.1016/j.tecto.2016.06.021Search in Google Scholar
© 2019 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
