Abstract
Azo dyes, which are characterized by one or more azo bonds, are a predominant class of colorants used in tattooing, cosmetics, foods, and consumer products. These dyes are mainly metabolized by bacteria to colorless aromatic amines, some of which are carcinogenic, by azoreductases that catalyze a NAD(P)H-dependent reduction. The resulting amines are further degraded aerobically by bacteria. Some bacteria have the ability to degrade azo dyes both aerobically and anaerobically. Plant-degrading white rot fungi can break down azo dyes by utilizing a number of oxidases and peroxidases as well. In yeast, a ferric reductase system participates in the extracellular reduction of azo dyes. Recently, two types of azoreductases have been discovered in bacteria. The first class of azoreductases is monomeric flavin-free enzymes containing a putative NAD(P)H binding motif at their N-termini; the second class is polymeric flavin dependent enzymes which are studied more extensively. Azoreductases from bacteria represent novel families of enzymes with little similarity to other reductases. Dissociation and reconstitution of the flavin dependent azoreductases demonstrate that the non-covalent bound flavin prosthetic group is required for the enzymatic functions. In this review, structures and carcinogenicity of azo colorants, protein structure, enzymatic function, and substrate specificity, as well as application of the azo dyes and azoreductases will be discussed.
Keywords: Azo dyes, Azoreductase, Commensal bacteria, Environmental microorganisms, Biodegradation, Aromatic amines, Carcinogenicity
Current Protein & Peptide Science
Title: Recent Advances in Azo Dye Degrading Enzyme Research
Volume: 7 Issue: 2
Author(s): Huizhong Chen
Affiliation:
Keywords: Azo dyes, Azoreductase, Commensal bacteria, Environmental microorganisms, Biodegradation, Aromatic amines, Carcinogenicity
Abstract: Azo dyes, which are characterized by one or more azo bonds, are a predominant class of colorants used in tattooing, cosmetics, foods, and consumer products. These dyes are mainly metabolized by bacteria to colorless aromatic amines, some of which are carcinogenic, by azoreductases that catalyze a NAD(P)H-dependent reduction. The resulting amines are further degraded aerobically by bacteria. Some bacteria have the ability to degrade azo dyes both aerobically and anaerobically. Plant-degrading white rot fungi can break down azo dyes by utilizing a number of oxidases and peroxidases as well. In yeast, a ferric reductase system participates in the extracellular reduction of azo dyes. Recently, two types of azoreductases have been discovered in bacteria. The first class of azoreductases is monomeric flavin-free enzymes containing a putative NAD(P)H binding motif at their N-termini; the second class is polymeric flavin dependent enzymes which are studied more extensively. Azoreductases from bacteria represent novel families of enzymes with little similarity to other reductases. Dissociation and reconstitution of the flavin dependent azoreductases demonstrate that the non-covalent bound flavin prosthetic group is required for the enzymatic functions. In this review, structures and carcinogenicity of azo colorants, protein structure, enzymatic function, and substrate specificity, as well as application of the azo dyes and azoreductases will be discussed.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Chen Huizhong, Recent Advances in Azo Dye Degrading Enzyme Research, Current Protein & Peptide Science 2006; 7 (2) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138920306776359786
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138920306776359786 |
Print ISSN 1389-2037 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-5550 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Advancements in Proteomic and Peptidomic Approaches in Cancer Immunotherapy: Unveiling the Immune Microenvironment
The scope of this thematic issue centers on the integration of proteomic and peptidomic technologies into the field of cancer immunotherapy, with a particular emphasis on exploring the tumor immune microenvironment. This issue aims to gather contributions that illustrate the application of these advanced methodologies in unveiling the complex interplay ...read more
Artificial Intelligence for Protein Research
Protein research, essential for understanding biological processes and creating therapeutics, faces challenges due to the intricate nature of protein structures and functions. Traditional methods are limited in exploring the vast protein sequence space efficiently. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) offer promising solutions by improving predictions and speeding up ...read more
Nutrition and Metabolism in Musculoskeletal Diseases
The musculoskeletal system consists mainly of cartilage, bone, muscles, tendons, connective tissue and ligaments. Balanced metabolism is of vital importance for the homeostasis of the musculoskeletal system. A series of musculoskeletal diseases (for example, sarcopenia, osteoporosis) are resulted from the dysregulated metabolism of the musculoskeletal system. Furthermore, metabolic diseases (such ...read more
Protein Folding, Aggregation and Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation
Protein folding, misfolding and aggregation remain one of the main problems of interdisciplinary science not only because many questions are still open, but also because they are important from the point of view of practical application. Protein aggregation and formation of fibrillar structures, for example, is a hallmark of a ...read more
Related Journals
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
Related Articles
-
Anticancer Vitamin K3 Analogs: A Review
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Redox Homeostasis, Bioactive Agents and Transduction Therapy
Current Signal Transduction Therapy Antineoplastic Potential of Medicinal Plants
Recent Patents on Biotechnology Schistosoma mansoni Changes the Activity of Phase II Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes: Role of Praziquantel as Antibilharzial Drug
Drug Metabolism Letters Multidetector Computed Tomography of Iatrogenic Urinary Trauma - Pictorial Review
Current Medical Imaging MicroRNA-34 Family, Mechanisms of Action in Cancer: A Review
Current Cancer Drug Targets The Chlorophyll Catabolite Pheophorbide a as a Photosensitizer for the Photodynamic Therapy
Current Medicinal Chemistry RNAi in Clinical Studies
Current Medicinal Chemistry Marine Derived Bioactive Compounds for Breast and Prostate Cancer Treatment: A Review
Current Bioactive Compounds Hibiscus Sabdariffa Linnaeus (Malvaceae), Curcumin and Resveratrol as Alternative Medicinal Agents Against Metabolic Syndrome
Cardiovascular & Hematological Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Vandetanib, A Dual Inhibitor of VEGFR and EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Activity
Current Cancer Therapy Reviews Current & Future Therapies of Erectile Dysfunction in Neurological Disorders
Recent Patents on CNS Drug Discovery (Discontinued) Ectopic Thyroid Gland: Description of a Case and Review of the Literature
Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets Microtubules in Apoptosis Induction: Are They Necessary?
Current Cancer Drug Targets The Genetic Landscapes of Inflammation-Driven Gastrointestinal Tract Cancers
Current Pharmaceutical Design Deregulation of the Akt Pathway in Human Cancer
Current Cancer Drug Targets Raman Molecular Imaging of Cells and Tissues: Towards Functional Diagnostic Imaging Without Labeling
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Use of Anticancer Platinum Compounds in Combination Therapies and Challenges in Drug Delivery
Current Medicinal Chemistry In silico Methods for Designing Antagonists to Anti-apoptotic Members of Bcl-2 Family Proteins
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry Genetic and Molecular Approaches to the Immunopathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis: An Update
Current Molecular Medicine