Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-c4f8m Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T07:17:55.978Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Racialized Policing: Residents' Perceptions in Three Neighborhoods

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 April 2024

Abstract

One of the most controversial issues in policing concerns allegations of racial bias. This article examines citizens' perceptions of racialized policing in three neighborhoods in Washington, D.C., that vary by racial composition and class position: a middle-class white community, a middle-class black community, and a lower-class black community. In-depth interviews examined residents' perceptions of differential police treatment of individual blacks and whites in Washington and disparate police practices in black and white neighborhoods. Findings indicate, first, that there is substantial agreement across the communities in the belief that police treat blacks and whites differerently; and secondly, there is racial variation in respondents' explanations for racial disparities. On the question of residents' assessments of police relations with their own community relative to other-race communities, a neighborhood difference is found, with the black middle-class neighborhood standing apart from the other two neighborhoods.

Type
Symposium on Norms, Law, and Order in the City
Copyright
Copyright © 2000 by the Law and Society Association

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

Research for this article was funded by a grant from the National Science Foundation, Law and Social Science Division, grant no. SBR-9423992. I am grateful to Cheryl Beattie for research assistance and to the anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments.

References

Alpert, Geoffrey, & Dunham, Roger (1988) Policing Multi-Ethnic Neighborhoods. New York: Greenwood.Google Scholar
Anderson, Elijah (1990) Streetwise. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Apple, Nancy, & O'Brien, David (1983) “Neighborhood Racial Composition and Residents' Evaluation of Police Performance,” 11 J. of Police Science & Administration 7683.Google Scholar
Bayley, David, & Mendelsohn, Harold (1969) Minorities and the Police: Confrontation in America. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Beard, Eugene (1977) “The Black Police in Washington, D.C.,” 5 J. of Police Science & Administration 4852.Google Scholar
Biderman, Albert, Johnson, Louise, McIntyre, Jennie, & Weir, Adrianne (1967) Report on a Pilot Study in the District of Columbia on Victimization and Attitudes Toward Law Enforcement. Washington, DC: GPO.Google Scholar
Black, Donald (1971) “The Social Organization of Arrest,” 23 Stanford Law Rev. 10871111.Google Scholar
Black, Donald, & Reiss, Albert J. (1967) “Patterns of Behavior in Police and Citizen Transactions,” in Studies in Crime and Law Enforcement in Major Metropolitan Areas. Washington, DC: GPO.Google Scholar
Bordua, David, & Tifft, Larry (1971) “Citizen Interviews, Organizational Feedback, and Police-Community Relations Decisions,” 6 Law & Society Rev. 155182.Google Scholar
Browning, Sandra, Cullen, Francis, Cao, Liqun, Kopache, Renee, & Stevenson, Thomas (1994) “Race and Getting Hassled by the Police,” 17 Police Studies 111.Google Scholar
Bureau of Justice Statistics (1999a) Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics, 1997. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.Google Scholar
Bureau of Justice Statistics (1999b) Criminal Victimization and Perceptions of Community Safety in 12 Cities, 1998. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.Google Scholar
Davis, James, & Smith, Tom (1996) General Social Surveys, 1972–1996. Chicago: NORC.Google Scholar
Dillingham, Gerald (1981) “The Emerging Black Middle Class: Class Consciousness or Race Consciousness?” 4 Ethnic & Racial Studies 432447.Google Scholar
Entman, Robert (1992) “Blacks in the News,” 69 Journalism Q. 341–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feagin, Joe, & Sikes, Melvin (1994) Living with Racism: The Black Middle Class Experience. Boston: Beacon.Google Scholar
Gallup Organization (1993a) Gallup/CNN/USA Today poll, 8-9 Feb.Google Scholar
Gallup Organization (1997) Gallup poll, 4 Jan.–28 Feb. Lexis–Nexis Public Opinion Online.Google Scholar
Groves, W. Eugene (1968) “Police in the Ghetto,” in Supplemental Studies for the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders. Washington, DC: GPO.Google Scholar
Hagan, John, & Albonetti, Celesta (1982) “Race, Class, and the Perception of Criminal Injustice in America,” 88 American J. of Sociology 329–55.Google Scholar
Hahn, Harlan (1971) “Ghetto Assessments of Police Protection and Authority,” 6 Law & Society Rev. 183–94.Google Scholar
Harris, David A. (1997) “‘Driving While Black’ and all Other Traffic Offenses: The Supreme Court and Pretextual Traffic Stops,” 87 J. of Criminal Law & Criminology 544–82.Google Scholar
Henderson, Martha, Cullen, Francis, Cao, Liqun, Browning, Sandra, & Kopache, Renee (1997) “The Impact of Race on Perceptions of Criminal Injustice,” 25 J. of Criminal Justice 447–62.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch (1998) Shielded from Justice: Police Brutality and Accountability in the United States. New York: Human Rights Watch.Google Scholar
Jacob, Herbert (1971) “Black and White Perceptions of Justice in the City,” 6 Law & Society Rev. 6990.Google Scholar
Johnson, Sherri Lynn (1983) “Race and the Decision to Detain a Suspect,” 93 Yale Law]. 214–58.Google Scholar
Kappelar, Victor, Sluder, Richard, & Alpert, Geoffery (1998) Forces of Deviance. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland.Google Scholar
Kennedy, Randall (1997) Race, Crime, and the Law. New York: Pantheon.Google Scholar
Klinger, David (1997) “Negotiating Order in Police Work: An Ecological Theory of Police Response to Deviance,” 35 Criminology 277306.Google Scholar
Krivo, Lauren, & Peterson, Ruth (1996) “Extremely Disadvantaged Neighborhoods and Urban Crime,” 75 Social Forces 619–50.Google Scholar
Leen, Jeff, Craven, Jo, Jackson, David, & Horwitz, Sari (1998) “District Police Lead Nation in Shootings,” Washington Post, 15 Nov., A1, A25-27.Google Scholar
Levy, Burton (1968) “Cops in the Ghetto: A Problem of the Police System,” 11 American Behavioral Scientist 3134.Google Scholar
Massey, Douglas, & Denton, Nancy (1993) American Apartheid. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press.Google Scholar
NBC News (1995) NBC News poll, 8-12 June, Lexis-Nexis Public Opinion Online.Google Scholar
New York Times/CBS News (1991) poll, 1-3 Apr., unpublished data.Google Scholar
Pattillo-McCoy, Mary (1999) Black Picket Fences: Privilege and Peril among the Black Middle Class. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Peeples, Faith, & Loeber, Rolf (1994) “Do Individual Factors and Neighborhood Context Explain Ethnic Differences in Juvenile Delinquency?” 10 J. of Quantitative Criminology 141–58.Google Scholar
Piliavin, Irving, & Briar, Scott (1964) “Police Encounters with Juveniles,” 70 American J. of Sociology 206–14.Google Scholar
President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice (1967) Task Force Report: The Police. Washington, DC: GPO.Google Scholar
Sampson, Robert J., & Bartusch, Dawn (1998) “Legal Cynicism and (Subcultural?) Tolerance of Deviance: The Neighborhood Context of Racial Differences,” 32 Law & Society Rev. 777804.Google Scholar
Schuman, Howard, & Gruenberg, Barry (1972) “Dissatisfaction with City Services,” in Hahn, H., ed., People and Politics in Urban Society. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Schuman, Howard, Steeh, Charlotte, Bobo, Lawrence, & Krysan, Maria (1997) Racial Attitudes in America. 2d Ed. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Skolnick, Jerome (1966) Justice Without Trial. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Smith, Douglas (1986) “The Neighborhood Context of Police Behavior,” in Reiss, A. & Tonry, M., eds., Crime and Justice, vol. 8. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Smith, Douglas, Graham, Nanette, & Adams, Bonnie (1991) “Minorities and the Police: Attitudinal and Behavioral Questions,” in Lynch, M. & Patterson, E., eds., Race and Criminal Justice. New York: Harrow & Heston.Google Scholar
Swigert, Victoria, & Farrell, Ronald (1976) Murder, Inequality, and the Law: Differential Treatment in the Legal Process. Lexington, MA: Heath.Google Scholar
Sykes, Richard, & Clark, John (1975) “A Theory of Deference Exchange in Police-Citizen Encounters,” 81 American J. of Sociology 584600.Google Scholar
Thomas, Charles, & Hyman, Jeffrey (1977) “Perceptions of Crime, Fear of Victimization, and Public Perceptions of Police Performance,” 5 J. of Police Science & Administration 305–17.Google Scholar
Time (1995) Time/CNN/Yankelovich poll, 13-14 Sept.Google Scholar
Time (1997) Time/CNN/Yankelovich poll, 23 Sept.-2 Oct.Google Scholar
Walker, Darlene, Richardson, Richard, Williams, Oliver, Denyer, Thomas, & McGaughey, Skip (1972) “Contact and Support: An Empirical Assessment of Public Attitudes toward the Police and the Courts,” 51 North Carolina Law Rev. 4379.Google Scholar
Washington Post (1993) Unpublished poll data, Dec.Google Scholar
Washington Post (1995) Washington Post/Kaiser Foundation poll, 20 July-19 Aug. and 18-28 Sept., Lexis-Nexis Public Opinion Online.Google Scholar
Washington Post (1997) Unpublished poll data, 30 Apr.-4 May.Google Scholar
Weitzer, Ronald (1995) Policing under Fire: Ethnic Conflict and Police-Community Relations in Northern Ireland. Albany, NY: State Univ. of New York Press.Google Scholar
Weitzer, Ronald (1999) “Citizens' Perceptions of Police Misconduct: Race and Neighborhood Context,” 16 Justice Q. 819–46.Google Scholar
Weitzer, Ronald (Forthcoming) “White, Black, or Blue Cops?: Race and Citizens' Assessments of Police Officers.” J. of Criminal Justice.Google Scholar
Weitzer, Ronald, & Tuch, Steven A. (1999) “Race, Class, and Perceptions of Discrimination by the Police” 45 Crime & Delinquency 494507.Google Scholar
Werthman, Carl, & Piliavin, Irving (1967) “Gang Members and the Police,” in Bordua, D., ed., The Police. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Wiley, Mary Glenn, & Hudik, Terry (1974) “Police-Citizen Encounters: A Field Test of Exchange Theory,” 22 Social Problems 119–27.Google Scholar
Wilson, William Julius (1978) The Declining Significance of Race. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Wilson, William Julius (1987) The Truly Disadvantaged. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.Google Scholar