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⁷ For an admirable commentary upon this phrase, as well as a fine example of its historical treatment, see Becker, Carl, The Heavenly City of the Eighteenth Century Philosophers, New Haven, 1932.Google Scholar

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⁹ See Josephson, Matthew, The Robber Barons: The Great American Capitalists, New York, 1934.Google Scholar

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¹¹ Note, for instance, the great alarm apparent in the Arena and the Andover Review, the one a radical secular periodical, the other a socially conservative theological quarterly. See also Shortt, Adam, “The Evolution of the Relation between Capital and Labor,” Andover Review, XI, (02, 1889), 144–161.Google Scholar

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¹⁶ “Social Duties,” Biblical World, XXX, (07, 1907), 19.Google Scholar See also Mathews, , “Men or Institutions,” Biblical World, XXVII, (01, 1906), 32–41.Google Scholar

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²⁸ Wheeler, A. S., “The Labor Question,” Andover Review, VI, (11, 1886), 475.Google Scholar See also Bocock, Kemper, “Labor's Claims on Organized Christianity,” Social Economist (Gunton's), IV, (06, 1893), 366Google Scholar; “Phaserd” in Ibid., V, (December, 1893), 366.

²⁹ Holbrook, Z. Swift, “The American Republic and the Debs Insurrection,” Bibliotheca Sacra, LII, (04, 1895), 214–215.Google Scholar

³⁰ Applied Christianity: Moral Aspects of Social Questions, Boston, 1886 and 1914, 52.Google Scholar See also p. 45, and Gladden, “Is Labor a Commodity?” Forum, I, (07, 1886), 468–476.Google Scholar

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⁴⁴ For a variety of views upon this subject see Weber, Max, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, London, 1930Google Scholar; Tawney, , op. cit.Google Scholar; Nussbaum, Frederick L., A History of the Economic Institutions of Modern Europe, New York, 1934Google Scholar, the last work being an English abridgement of Sombart, 's great Moderne Capitalismus.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ Gladden, , “Religion and Wealth,” Bibliotheca Sacra, LII, (01, 1895), 157.Google Scholar See, also, Biblical World, XVIII, (08, 1901), 86–87Google Scholar; Coe, George A., The Religion of a Mature Mind, Chicago, 1902, 170–171Google Scholar; Harnack, Adolf, What Is Christianity?, New York, 1901, 85–95Google Scholar; Merrill, Charles C., “The Christian Conception of Wealth,” Bibliotheca Sacra, LVI, (01, 1899), 148–159.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Aked, Charles F., “The Salvation of Christianity,” Appleton's, XIII, (01, 1909), 19–20Google Scholar, where its inapplicability to modern times is clearly stated.

⁴⁷ The Rev. Gambrell, J. B., before the Baptist Congress, 11th Session (1893), 17.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ “Theology said, You cannot trust men, they are wholly disposed to evil: political and commercial life said, You can trust men, they are generally disposed to truth, honesty, and justice. And life proved more than a match for theology.” Abbott, Lyman, Reminiscences, Boston, 1915, 468.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ Lippmann, , Preface, 53.Google Scholar Lippmann points out the contrast between the liberal and the religious viewpoints. See also Hooft, Visser 't, op. cit.Google Scholar, chap. 4, “The Contribution of the Enlightenment.”

⁵⁰ The position of the author is well stated by Lippman: “To be saved, in the sense which the sages had in mind, is by conversion, education, and self-discipline to have achieved a certain quality and harmony of the passions. Then the good life is possible. … For it is immature and unregenerate desire which creates the disorders and frustrations that confound us.” Preface to Morals, 198, 208.Google Scholar

⁵¹ See Parrington, , Beginnings of Critical Realism.Google Scholar

⁵² Schlesinger, , Rise of the City, 131–136.Google Scholar

⁵³ The social gospel developed in the age of the epicures, of Barry Wall and Diamond Jim Brady, of Rector's and Delmonico's.

⁵⁴ “Imperialism” was a natural outgrowth of this mood. See Millis, Walter, The Martial Spirit, Boston, 1931.Google Scholar

⁵⁵ Quoted in Rae, John, Contemporary Socialism, 26.Google Scholar

⁵⁶ Batchelor, George, “The Revolt of the Majority,” Forum, I, (08, 1886), 515.Google Scholar

⁵⁷ Rausehenbusch, Walter, “The Stake of the Church in the Social Movement,” American Journal of Sociology, III, (07, 1897), 27Google Scholar; Christian Begister, LXXIII, (02 1, 1894), 65.Google Scholar

⁵⁸ See Hicks, John D., The Populist Revolt, Minneapolis, 1931.Google Scholar

⁵⁹ “The various baccalaureate sermons this season make stirring reading. Almost without exception the prevailing note is the appeal to men of cultivation—the men who have had fullest opportunity for preparation, the men presumably best equipped for service—to do their utmost, wisely, untiringly, and devotedly, to help keep the national life sound and pure. … The defeat of the people, as Dr. Bradford put it in his sermon at Amherst College, has been peculiarly marked of late.” Christian Register, LXXVI, (07 1, 1897), 401.Google Scholar

⁶⁰ Brown, William Adams, The Church in America, New York, 1922, 143Google Scholar; Coe, , Mature Mina, 272.Google Scholar

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⁶⁷ See Loomis, S. L., Modern Cities and their Religious Problems, New York, 1887, chap. IIIGoogle Scholar; Strong, Josiah, The New Era, New York, 1893Google Scholar, chap. X; Schlesinger, , Rise of the City, 330–334.Google Scholar

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⁶⁹ A necessary qualification on this statement is that the periodicals and books examined were nearly all the products of the industrial northeast. The churchmen of this section of the country, however, are the ones most apt to have left records of their thought and expression in print, for, just as most of our early histories were written by New Englanders, so, till a recent date, most of our theology came from the same region. An examination of the writings of western and southern churchmen might show a different situation, but there are good reasons for doubting it.

⁷⁰ Parishes, such as the one described in Churchill, Winston's novel, The Inside of the Cup, New York, 1913Google Scholar, were as rare and as little typical as ministers like Lewis, Sinclair's Elmer Gantry.Google Scholar

⁷¹ Gladden, , Recollections, Boston, 1909, 162.Google Scholar

⁷² See Parkhurst, Charles H., Our Fight with Tammany, N. Y., 1895.Google Scholar

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⁷⁵ See Horton, , Realistic TheologyGoogle Scholar; Niebuhr, Reinhold, An Interpretation of Christian Ethics, New York, 1935.Google Scholar