Abstract
We investigate steam condensation induced water hammer (CIWH) phenomena and present experimental and theoretical results. Some of the experiments were performed in the PMK-2 facility, which is a full-pressure thermalhydraulic model of the nuclear power plant of VVER-440/312 type and located in the Atomic Energy Research Institute Budapest, Hungary. Other experiments were done in the ROSA facility in Japan. On the theoretical side CIWH is studied and analyzed with the WAHA3 model based on two-phase flow six first-order partial differential equations that present one dimensional, surface averaged mass, momentum and energy balances. A second order accurate high-resolution shock-capturing numerical scheme was applied with different kind of limiters in the numerical calculations. The applied two-fluid model shows some similarities to RELAP5 which is widely used in the nuclear industry to simulate nuclear power plant accidents. New features are the existence of multiple, independent CIWH pressure peaks both in experiments and in simulations. Experimentally measured and theoretically calculated CIWH pressure peaks are in qualitative agreement. However, the computational results are very sensitive against flow velocity.
Kurzfassung
Die spontane Kondensation von Dampfblasen führt in technischen Systemen zu starken Kondensationsschlägen, die unerwünscht sind und deren Auftreten und Vermeidung untersucht wird. Experimente zu Kondensationsschlägen werden u.a. in der vom Atomic Energy Research Institute Budapest in Ungarn betriebenen Versuchsanlage PMK-2 und in der Versuchsanlage ROSA in Japan durchgeführt. Für die theoretischen Untersuchungen von Kondensationsschlägen wurde das Programm WAHA3 entwickelt. Dieses basiert auf der Beschreibung der Zweiphasenströmung mit Hilfe von sechs Differentialgleichungen 1. Ordnung, die in eindimensionale über den Querschnitt gemittelte Massen-, Impuls- und Energiebilanzen überführt werden. Das zur Lösung der Differentialgleichungen eingesetzte numerische Verfahren ist zweiter Ordnung und so hochauflösend, dass auftretende Kondensationsschläge erfasst werden. Das Hauptaugenmerk dieses Beitrags liegt in der Messung und Berechnung von verschiedenartigen unabhängigen Kondensationsschlagereignissen. Dabei zeigte sich eine gute qualitative Übereinstimmung bei den gemessenen und berechneten Druckpeaks, allerdings reagieren die berechneten Daten sehr sensitiv auf den Parameter Strömungsgeschwindigkeit.
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