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Gender, Hisba and The Enforcement of Morality in Northern Nigeria

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 May 2011

Abstract

Vigilantism is a term often used to describe any form of policing and ordering that is non-state, and under analysis ‘vigilantism’ has often emerged as negative, associated with violence and violation of individual rights. However, a closer examination of the origin, practice, function and structure of some of the groups often referred to as vigilantes in Nigeria has revealed that not all of them fit into our understanding of vigilantes as gangs of youths that mete out violence and jungle justice to their victims. Some of these vigilantes have their roots in the community and are a preferred form of policing in Nigeria. Many such groups exist across the shari‘a states of northern Nigeria, drawing their legitimacy from different and sometimes competing sources: the Yan'banga from the Hausa traditional and communal establishment, the hisba from the religious establishment and the Yan'achaba from the political establishment. What can we say about the operation, structure and function of these various `vigilantes'? How is the politicking and struggle between religio-political and Hausa traditionalist elites shaping and reforming these three forms? What impact does this struggle have on women and the vulnerable? This article has two aims. One is to question the over-generalization associated with vigilantism in Nigeria by analysing one form of vigilantism – hisba – within the context of informal policing in Zamfara and Kano states. The other is to situate the issue of vigilantes within the northern Nigerian political context rather than within a simple moral framework that casts vigilantes as violent criminals.

Le vigilantisme, terme souvent utilisé pour décrire toute forme de maintien de l'ordre non-étatique, ressort souvent négatif de l'analyse, associé à la violence et à la violation des droits individuels. Or, un examen plus approfondi de l'origine, de la pratique, de la fonction et de la structure de certains de ces groupes, souvent appelés vigilantes au Nigeria, révèle qu'ils ne correspondent pas tous à notre interprétation des vigilantes en tant que bandes de jeunes infligeant de la violence à leurs victimes et les soumettant à la justice de la jungle. Certains groupes de vigilantes ont leurs racines dans la communauté et sont une forme privilégiée de maintien de l'ordre au Nigeria. Ces groupes sont nombreux dans les États du Nord du Nigeria qui ont introduit la charia, tirant leur légitimité de sources diverses et parfois concurrentes : les Yan'banga de l'establishment traditionnel et communal haoussa, les Hisba de l'establishment religieux et les Yan'achaba de l'establishment politique. Que peut-on dire du fonctionnement, de la structure et de la fonction de ces divers groupes de vigilantes ? Comment la bataille politique et la lutte entre les élites politico-religieuses et traditionalistes haoussa façonnent-elles et reforment-elles les trois formes étudiées ? Quel est l'impact de cette lutte sur les femmes et les personnes vulnérables ? Cet article a deux objectifs. Le premier est de mettre en question la surgénéralisation associée au vigilantisme au Nigeria en analysant une forme de vigilantisme – hisba – dans le contexte d'un maintien de l'ordre informel dans les États du Zamfara et Kano. Le second entend situer la question des vigilantes dans le contexte politique du Nord du Nigeria plutôt que dans un simple cadre moral qui les apparente à de violents criminels.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 2008

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