Using Principal Components Analysis and IDW Interpolation to Determine Spatial and Temporal Changes of Surface Water Quality of Xin’anjiang River in Huangshan, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area
3. Analysis Procedures
3.1. Sampling
3.2. Principal Component Analysis
3.3. IDW Method
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Principal Component Analysis
4.1.1. Correlation Matrix
4.1.2. Factor Loadings
4.1.3. Factor Scores
4.1.4. Composite Score
4.2. Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Water Quality
4.2.1. IDW Method
4.2.2. Spatial and Temporal Distribution Maps
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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pH | EC | DO | CODMn | BOD | Hg | NH3-N | Pb | COD | TN | TP | Cu | Zn | Fluoride | As | Cd | Cr(Ⅵ) | FC | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pH | 1.00 | |||||||||||||||||
EC | −0.01 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||||||
DO | 0.60 | −0.65 | 1.00 | |||||||||||||||
CODMn | −0.04 | 0.91 | −0.58 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||||
BOD | 0.09 | 0.78 | −0.20 | 0.70 | 1.00 | |||||||||||||
Hg | 0.11 | −0.12 | −0.29 | −0.15 | −0.48 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||
NH3-N | −0.56 | 0.65 | −0.74 | 0.68 | 0.59 | 0.03 | 1.00 | |||||||||||
Pb | −0.06 | 0.28 | −0.66 | 0.18 | −0.23 | 0.88 | 0.28 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
COD | −0.05 | 0.96 | −0.68 | 0.95 | 0.73 | −0.01 | 0.74 | 0.35 | 1.00 | |||||||||
TN | −0.30 | 0.89 | −0.77 | 0.95 | 0.65 | −0.09 | 0.81 | 0.29 | 0.95 | 1.00 | ||||||||
TP | −0.46 | 0.82 | −0.83 | 0.86 | 0.61 | −0.05 | 0.89 | 0.31 | 0.88 | 0.97 | 1.00 | |||||||
Cu | 0.29 | 0.79 | −0.26 | 0.72 | 0.67 | −0.14 | 0.38 | 0.11 | 0.70 | 0.57 | 0.43 | 1.00 | ||||||
Zn | 0.22 | −0.03 | −0.28 | −0.19 | −0.37 | 0.94 | −0.04 | 0.89 | 0.02 | −0.13 | −0.10 | −0.05 | 1.00 | |||||
fluoride | −0.14 | 0.95 | −0.73 | 0.74 | 0.71 | −0.05 | 0.66 | 0.38 | 0.88 | 0.80 | 0.77 | 0.67 | 0.11 | 1.00 | ||||
As | 0.28 | 0.67 | −0.38 | 0.36 | 0.42 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.40 | 0.58 | 0.38 | 0.28 | 0.44 | 0.34 | 0.77 | 1.00 | |||
Cd | −0.37 | 0.70 | −0.89 | 0.71 | 0.18 | 0.27 | 0.62 | 0.63 | 0.77 | 0.82 | 0.77 | 0.35 | 0.22 | 0.68 | 0.46 | 1.00 | ||
Cr(Ⅵ) | 0.27 | −0.01 | −0.25 | −0.17 | −0.35 | 0.94 | −0.06 | 0.88 | 0.02 | −0.13 | −0.11 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.10 | 0.33 | 0.20 | 1.00 | |
FC | −0.43 | 0.25 | −0.51 | 0.24 | 0.29 | 0.30 | 0.70 | 0.36 | 0.29 | 0.37 | 0.56 | 0.09 | 0.26 | 0.32 | −0.16 | 0.16 | 0.25 | 1.00 |
Eigenvalues | 8.92 | 4.33 | 2.46 |
---|---|---|---|
Cumulative (%) | 49.54 | 73.57 | 87.24 |
Variable Factor | Factor 1 | Factor 2 | Factor 3 |
pH | −0.25 | 0.07 | 0.89 |
EC | 0.95 | −0.14 | 0.28 |
DO | −0.82 | −0.32 | 0.36 |
CODMn | 0.90 | −0.25 | 0.12 |
BOD | 0.67 | −0.53 | 0.26 |
NH3-N | 0.83 | −0.06 | −0.44 |
Hg | 0.04 | 0.97 | −0.03 |
Pb | 0.43 | 0.90 | −0.01 |
COD | 0.97 | −0.08 | 0.18 |
TN | 0.96 | −0.16 | -0.10 |
TP | 0.94 | −0.11 | −0.30 |
Cu | 0.65 | −0.19 | 0.50 |
Zn | 0.07 | 0.97 | 0.17 |
fluoride | 0.92 | −0.01 | 0.21 |
As | 0.54 | 0.20 | 0.62 |
Cd | 0.82 | 0.26 | −0.13 |
Cr(Ⅵ) | 0.07 | 0.96 | 0.21 |
FC | 0.44 | 0.24 | −0.53 |
Monitoring Point | PC1 | PC2 | PC3 | Composite Scores (Sorting) | WQI Values (Sorting) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shuaishui | −3.5171 | −0.8721 | −2.0030 | −2.5512 (1) | 11.80 (1) |
Hengjiang | −0.2822 | −1.9778 | 1.8058 | −0.4221 (4) | 33.24 (5) |
Hunagkou | −1.0502 | 2.4149 | −0.8606 | −0.0659 (5) | 30.53 (4) |
Dunhuang | −1.3722 | −1.4120 | −0.9634 | −1.3191 (2) | 23.30 (2) |
Xinguan | 0.7327 | 1.7571 | 2.2443 | 1.2518 (6) | 35.37 (7) |
Pukou | 6.4341 | −1.6283 | −1.1362 | 3.0268 (8) | 53.13 (8) |
Kengkou | 1.0445 | 3.1580 | −0.4212 | 1.3970 (7) | 35.23 (6) |
Jiekou | −1.9896 | −1.4396 | 1.3343 | −1.3172 (3) | 24.27 (3) |
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Yang, W.; Zhao, Y.; Wang, D.; Wu, H.; Lin, A.; He, L. Using Principal Components Analysis and IDW Interpolation to Determine Spatial and Temporal Changes of Surface Water Quality of Xin’anjiang River in Huangshan, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 2942. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082942
Yang W, Zhao Y, Wang D, Wu H, Lin A, He L. Using Principal Components Analysis and IDW Interpolation to Determine Spatial and Temporal Changes of Surface Water Quality of Xin’anjiang River in Huangshan, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(8):2942. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082942
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Wenjie, Yue Zhao, Dong Wang, Huihui Wu, Aijun Lin, and Li He. 2020. "Using Principal Components Analysis and IDW Interpolation to Determine Spatial and Temporal Changes of Surface Water Quality of Xin’anjiang River in Huangshan, China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 8: 2942. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082942