Patents Analysis of Thermal Bridges in Slab Fronts and Their Effect on Energy Demand
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Patents Studied
3. Case Study
3.1. Analysed Building
3.2. Climate Zone
3.3. Virtual Modelling
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Patent Analysis of Thermal Bridges of Slab Fronts
4.2. Influence of Thermal Bridge of the Slab Front on Energy Demand
5. Conclusions
- From the five patents analysed, the one which obtained the lowest linear thermal transmittance () was Patent 5, with a reduction of 95.74% with respect to the linear thermal transmittance that the slab front of the analysed building presents. The rest of the patents obtained lower decreases, and even a higher linear thermal transmittance was obtained by Patent 4.
- The temperature factor for the interior surface () for both constructive solution of the case study and the different patents analysed exceeded the value required by the estate rules which guaranteed that condensations were not generated. Thus, the climate conditions typical of the analysis region (Csa classification according to Köppen-Geiger) allowed to guarantee a low condensation risk due to the thermal bridges of the slab fronts.
- The improvement of the thermal bridge in the slab front allowed to achieve important decreases on the heating demand in the current scenario, with differences up to 325.25 kWh during the month of the highest demand. Regarding the cooling energy demand, the change generated by the improvement of the thermal bridge was lower, although reductions by 227.14 kWh were obtained in the summer months.
- For future scenarios, the effect generated by the increase of the outdoor temperatures with a lower heating demand and a higher cooling demand affected the incidence of the improvement of the thermal bridge on the energy behaviour of the building. In this sense, the monthly reduction of the heating energy demand generated by the improvement of the thermal bridge presented a decreasing behaviour, with the following values of maximum decrease: 285.87 kWh (2020), 241.04 kWh (2050), and 197.68 (2080). Despite of this, the percentage decrease on the global energy demand for heating had a growing behaviour, with deviations of 18.83% (2020), 19.78% (2050), and 21.43% (2080).
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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# | Layers | S (mm) | λ (W/(mK)) | R ((m2K)/W) a | eSketch |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Cement mortar | 10 | 0.70 | - | |
2 | Perforated brick | 110 | 0.59 | - | |
3 | Cement mortar | 10 | 1.30 | - | |
4 | PUR insulation | 20 | 0.03 | - | |
5 | Air gap | 40 | - | 0.18 | |
6 | Hollow brick | 50 | 0.44 | - | |
7 | Gypsum plaster | 10 | 0.40 | - | |
= 0.13 (m2K)/W a | = 0.04 (m2K)/W a | - |
Month | Average Temperature (°C) | Average Maximum Temperature (°C) | Average Minimum Temperature (°C) |
---|---|---|---|
January | 10.35 | 15.79 | 5.57 |
February | 11.74 | 17.96 | 6.92 |
March | 15.11 | 22.23 | 8.94 |
April | 16.07 | 23.15 | 9.64 |
May | 19.78 | 26.77 | 12.56 |
June | 24.09 | 31.84 | 16.65 |
July | 27.42 | 36.43 | 19.24 |
August | 26.52 | 34.99 | 18.76 |
September | 24.47 | 32.60 | 16.95 |
October | 19.55 | 25.63 | 14.34 |
November | 13.72 | 19.87 | 9.18 |
December | 11.53 | 17.06 | 7.30 |
Cases | EPW File of Seville | Type of Thermal Bridge |
---|---|---|
Case 1 | Current | Not patented |
Case 2 | 2020 | |
Case 3 | 2050 | |
Case 4 | 2080 | |
Case 5 | Current | With the thermal bridge patent that the best linear thermal transmittance obtained |
Case 6 | 2020 | |
Case 7 | 2050 | |
Case 8 | 2080 |
Models | UTHERM (W/(m2·K)) | UHTFlux (W/(m2·K)) | Percentage Deviation (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Without patent | 1.101 | 1.075 | 2.37 |
Patent 1 | 1.044 | 0.999 | 4.33 |
Patent 2 | 0.876 | 0.877 | −0.16 |
Patent 3 | 1.002 | 1.019 | −1.66 |
Patent 4 | 1.110 | 1.088 | 1.96 |
Patent 5 | 0.836 | 0.838 | −0.24 |
Month | Energy Demand for Heating | Energy Demand for Cooling | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Without Patent (kWh) | With Patent (kWh) | Deviation | Without Patent (kWh) | With Patent (kWh) | Deviation | |
January | 2358.80 | 2033.55 | −13.79% | 30.25 | 29.18 | −3.54% |
February | 1605.04 | 1357.29 | −15.44% | 147.06 | 141.84 | −3.55% |
March | 931.27 | 749.19 | −19.55% | 548.20 | 533.80 | −2.63% |
April | 619.49 | 487.62 | −21.29% | 948.03 | 923.14 | −2.63% |
May | 74.29 | 41.88 | −43.62% | 2285.62 | 2231.70 | −2.36% |
June | 0.076 | 0.00 | −100.00% | 4291.06 | 4176.70 | −2.67% |
July | 0.00 | 0.00 | - | 7316.86 | 7092.80 | −3.06% |
August | 0.00 | 0.00 | - | 7501.44 | 7274.30 | −3.03% |
September | 0.054 | 0.00 | −97.67% | 5317.10 | 5174.70 | −2.68% |
October | 204.08 | 155.19 | −23.96% | 2464.60 | 2406.80 | −2.34% |
November | 974.41 | 799.22 | −17.98% | 499.21 | 486.65 | −2.52% |
December | 2111.37 | 1828.40 | −13.40% | 54.12 | 52.29 | −3.39% |
Month | Energy Demand for Heating | Energy Demand for Cooling | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Without Patent (kWh) | With Patent (kWh) | Deviation | Without Patent (kWh) | With Patent (kWh) | Deviation | |
January | 1815.44 | 1529.57 | −15.75% | 24.46 | 23.57 | −3.61% |
February | 1178.02 | 958.94 | −18.60% | 253.19 | 245.35 | −3.10% |
March | 755.62 | 597.61 | −20.91% | 1170.50 | 1145.60 | −2.13% |
April | 430.12 | 327.83 | −23.78% | 1216.95 | 1188.30 | −2.36% |
May | 70.64 | 48.00 | −32.05% | 2983.77 | 2909.90 | −2.48% |
June | 0.60 | 0.15 | −75.10% | 6076.84 | 5898.70 | −2.93% |
July | 0.00 | 0.00 | - | 9458.50 | 9143.20 | −3.33% |
August | 0.00 | 0.00 | - | 9178.80 | 8917.90 | −2.84% |
September | 3.10 | 0.96 | −68.95% | 6693.96 | 6512.10 | −2.72% |
October | 34.36 | 19.29 | −43.87% | 3400.38 | 3338.90 | −1.81% |
November | 861.69 | 692.38 | −19.65% | 550.80 | 538.04 | −2.32% |
December | 1130.68 | 923.19 | −18.35% | 84.87 | 81.80 | −3.62% |
Month | Energy Demand for Heating | Energy Demand for Cooling | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Without Patent (kWh) | With Patent (kWh) | Deviation | Without Patent (kWh) | With Patent (kWh) | Deviation | |
January | 1462.32 | 1221.28 | −16.48% | 126.04 | 121.69 | −3.45% |
February | 854.57 | 679.25 | −20.52% | 406.84 | 396.93 | −2.44% |
March | 588.29 | 458.80 | −22.01% | 1422.66 | 1393.00 | −2.08% |
April | 283.27 | 210.83 | −25.58% | 1537.58 | 1500.40 | −2.42% |
May | 28.98 | 20.80 | −28.24% | 3766.21 | 3668.40 | −2.60% |
June | 0.00 | 0.00 | −100.00% | 7664.74 | 7422.00 | −3.17% |
July | 0.00 | 0.00 | - | 11,410.26 | 10,996.00 | −3.63% |
August | 0.00 | 0.00 | - | 11,092.09 | 10,741.00 | −3.17% |
September | 0.21 | 0.00 | −99.04% | 8245.97 | 8008.70 | −2.88% |
October | 9.04 | 4.15 | −54.11% | 4772.79 | 4683.50 | −1.87% |
November | 634.55 | 500.38 | −21.14% | 995.39 | 973.23 | −2.23% |
December | 829.98 | 667.73 | −19.55% | 192.27 | 186.18 | −3.17% |
Month | Energy Demand for Heating | Energy Demand for Cooling | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Without Patent (kWh) | With Patent (kWh) | Deviation | Without Patent (kWh) | With Patent (kWh) | Deviation | |
January | 1127.26 | 929.58 | −17.54% | 313.54 | 303.67 | −3.15% |
February | 613.16 | 472.73 | −22.90% | 616.55 | 603.16 | −2.17% |
March | 387.42 | 293.10 | −24.35% | 2014.46 | 1972.20 | −2.10% |
April | 141.69 | 98.39 | −30.56% | 2226.95 | 2170.40 | −2.54% |
May | 5.67 | 4.11 | −27.48% | 5440.69 | 5284.60 | −2.87% |
June | 0.00 | 0.00 | - | 9509.69 | 9168.50 | −3.59% |
July | 0.00 | 0.00 | - | 13,318.91 | 12,805.00 | −3.86% |
August | 0.00 | 0.00 | - | 13,093.10 | 12,631.00 | −3.53% |
September | 0.00 | 0.00 | - | 10,049.26 | 9728.40 | −3.19% |
October | 0.58 | 0.16 | −72.68% | 6689.45 | 6560.10 | −1.93% |
November | 390.52 | 296.36 | −24.11% | 1811.96 | 1774.20 | −2.08% |
December | 575.59 | 452.65 | −21.36% | 448.87 | 437.20 | −2.60% |
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Bienvenido-Huertas, D.; Quiñones, J.A.F.; Moyano, J.; Rodríguez-Jiménez, C.E. Patents Analysis of Thermal Bridges in Slab Fronts and Their Effect on Energy Demand. Energies 2018, 11, 2222. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11092222
Bienvenido-Huertas D, Quiñones JAF, Moyano J, Rodríguez-Jiménez CE. Patents Analysis of Thermal Bridges in Slab Fronts and Their Effect on Energy Demand. Energies. 2018; 11(9):2222. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11092222
Chicago/Turabian StyleBienvenido-Huertas, David, Juan Antonio Fernández Quiñones, Juan Moyano, and Carlos E. Rodríguez-Jiménez. 2018. "Patents Analysis of Thermal Bridges in Slab Fronts and Their Effect on Energy Demand" Energies 11, no. 9: 2222. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11092222