Paper Titles

Dry Sliding Wear Behavior of Titanium Metal Powder Filled Aluminum Alloy Composites for Gear Application
p.118

Effect of Pre-Ageing on the Age Hardening Response of Cryorolled Al-Mg-Si Alloy
p.137

Experimental Investigation of EDM Parameters on Al-LM6/SiC/B4C Hybrid Composites
p.149

Improving Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar Material Friction Welds
p.157

Influence of Water Cooling and Post-Weld Ageing on Mechanical and Microstructural Properties of the Friction-Stir Welded 6061 Aluminium Alloy Joints
p.163

Investigations of Milling Parameters on Hemp Fiber Reinforced Composite Using ANOVA and Regression
p.177

Fabrication and Analysis of Accumulative Roll Bonding Process between Magnesium and Aluminum Multi-Layers
p.183

Effects of Alkaline Solution on the Properties of Slag Based Geopolymer
p.193

Evaluation of Deformation Modulus for the Jointed Rock Masses Using Equivalent Continuum Approach
p.200

HomeApplied Mechanics and MaterialsApplied Mechanics and Materials Vol. 877Influence of Water Cooling and Post-Weld Ageing on...

Influence of Water Cooling and Post-Weld Ageing on Mechanical and Microstructural Properties of the Friction-Stir Welded 6061 Aluminium Alloy Joints

Article Preview

Abstract:

A 6061-T6 aluminium alloy was friction stir welded in submerged water as well as in air cool at a constant traverse speed and different rotational speed in order to investigate the microstructural characterization and mechanical behaviour of the joints. In order to improve the tensile strength of the joints, weldments were studied at different heat treatment processes such as post weld aged condition and solutionized condition. It is observed that, water cooled joints are resulted in enhancing of both strength and ductility with the lower strain hardening ability than the air cooled joints. The width of the hardness distribution varies with the different cooling process of the joints. The highest hardness peak observed to be located in the heat affected zone of the joints. The maximum tensile strength of the joints achieved for welds under water cooled conditions in contrast to air cooled conditions. Moreover, a combination of water cooling and post weld ageing is proven to be the optimal path to improving the microstructural and mechanical properties of the joints with a maximum efficiency of 89.87% of the base metal strength. The microstructural observations of the joints revealed the presence of voids defects for the low rotational speed joints due to the insufficient heat input. The nugget of the higher tensile strength joints were free from defects and showed the fine grained material flow patterns which are constructive to obtain better mechanical properties.

You might also be interested in these eBooks

Recent Advances in Materials, Mechanical and Civil Engineering

Info:

Periodical:

Applied Mechanics and Materials (Volume 877)

Pages:

163-176

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.877.163

Citation:

Cite this paper

Online since:

February 2018

Authors:

Devuri Venkateswarulu*, Muralimohan Cheepu, Devireddy Krishnaja, S. Muthukumaran

Keywords:

Aluminium Alloys, Friction Stir Welding (FSW), Mechanical Properties, Microstructure, PWHT, Under Water Welding

Export:

RIS, BibTeX

Price:

Permissions:

Request Permissions

* - Corresponding Author

[1] R.A. Sielski, Research needs in aluminum structure, Ships. Offshore. Struc. 3(1) (2008), 57-65.

[2] H. Aydın, A. Bayram, A. Ug˘uz, K.S. Akay, Tensile properties of friction stir welded joints of 2024 aluminum alloys in different heat-treated-state, Mater. Des. 30 (2009) 2211-2221.

DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2008.08.034

[3] A. Ambroziak, M. Korzeniowski, P. Kustroń, M. Winnicki, P. Sokołowski, E. Harapińska, Friction welding of aluminium and aluminium alloys with steel, Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2014 (2014) 1-15.

DOI: 10.1155/2014/981653

[4] C.H. Muralimohan, V. Muthupandi, K. Sivaprasad, The influence of aluminium intermediate layer in dissimilar friction welds, Inter. J. Mater. Res. 105 (2014) 350-357.

DOI: 10.3139/146.111031

[5] S.S. Kumaran, S. Muthukumaran, D. Venkateswarlu, G.K. Balaji, S. Vinodh, Eco-friendly aspects associated with friction welding of tube-to-tube plate using an external tool process, Int. J. Sustainable. Eng. 5 (2012) 120-127.

DOI: 10.1080/19397038.2011.570877

[6] C.H. Muralimohan, S. Haribabu, Y.H. Reddy, V. Muthupandi, K. Sivaprasad, Joining of AISI 1040 steel to 6082-T6 aluminium alloy by friction welding, J. Adv. Mech. Eng. Sci. 1(1) (2015) 57-64.

DOI: 10.18831/james.in/2015011006

[7] M. Cheepu, V. Muthupandi, B. Srinivas, K. Sivaprasad, Development of a friction welded bimetallic joints between titanium and 304 austenitic stainless steel, in: P.M. Pawar, B.P. Ronge, R. Balasubramaniam, S. Seshabhattar (Eds. ), Techno-Societal 2016, International Conference on Advanced Technologies for Societal Applications, ICATSA 2016, Springer, Cham, 2018, pp.709-717.

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-53556-2_73

[8] C.H. Muralimohan, S. Haribabu, Y.H. Reddy, V. Muthupandi, K. Sivaprasad, Evaluation of microstructures and mechanical properties of dissimilar materials by friction welding, Procedia. Mater. Sci. 5 (2014) 1107-1113.

DOI: 10.1016/j.mspro.2014.07.404

[9] T. Osada, K. Sonoya, T. Abe, M. Nakamura, Developing of the aluminum alloy solid state bonding method in atmosphere using high frequency induction heating and ultrasonic vibration Uni. J. Mech. Eng. 4 (2016) 1-7.

DOI: 10.13189/ujme.2016.040101

[10] A.A. Shirzadi, E.R. Wallach, New approaches for transient liquid phase diffusion bonding of aluminium based metal matrix composites, Mater. Sci. Technol. 13 (1997) 135-142.

DOI: 10.1179/mst.1997.13.2.135

[11] P.L. Threadgill, A.J. Leonard, H.R. Shercliff, P.J. Withers, Friction stir welding of aluminium alloys, Int. Mater. Rev. 54 (2009) 49-93.

DOI: 10.1179/174328009x411136

[12] D. Venkateswarlu, N.R. Mandal, M.M. Mahapatra, S.P. Harsh, Tool design effects for FSW of AA7039, Weld. J. 92 (2013) 41-47.

[13] A. Kumar, M.M. Mahapatra, P.K. Jha, N.R. Mandal, V. Devuri, Influence of tool geometries and process variables on friction stir butt welding of Al-4. 5%Cu/TiC in situ metal matrix composites Mater. Des. 59 (2014) 406-414.

DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2014.02.063

[14] B.S. Yigezu, D. Venkateswarlu, M.M. Mahapatra, P.K. Jha, N.R. Mandal, On friction stir butt welding of Al + 12Si/10 wt% TiC in situ composite, Mater. Des. 54 (2014) 1019-1027.

DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2013.09.034

[15] H.K. Mohanty, D. Venkateswarlu, M.M. Mahapatra, P. Kumar, N.R. Mandal, Modeling the effects of tool probe geometries and process parameters on friction stirred aluminium welds, J. Mech. Eng. Autom. 2(4) (2012) 74-79.

DOI: 10.5923/j.jmea.20120204.04

[16] D. Venkateswarlu, P.N. Rao, M.M. Mahapatra, S.P. Harsha, N.R. Mandal, Processing and optimization of dissimilar friction stir welding of AA 2219 and AA 7039 alloys, J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 24(12) (2015) 4809-4824.

DOI: 10.1007/s11665-015-1779-4

[17] V. Devuri, M.M. Mahapatra, S.P. Harsha, N.R. Mandal, Effect of shoulder surface dimension and geometries on FSW of AA7039, J. Manuf. Sci. Prod. 14 (2014) 183-194.

DOI: 10.1515/jmsp-2014-0008

[18] F. Grignon, D. Benson, K.S. Vecchio, M.A. Meyers, Explosive welding of aluminum to aluminum: analysis, computations and experiments, Int. J. Impact. Eng. 30 (2004) 1333-1351.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2003.09.049

[19] A.H.M.E. Rahman, M.N. Cavalli, Strength and microstructure of diffusion bonded titanium using silver and copper interlayers, Mat. Sci. Eng. A. Struct. 5275 (2010) 189-193.

DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2010.04.065

[20] M.M. Cheepu, V. Muthupandi, S. Loganathan, Friction welding of titanium to 304 stainless steel with electroplated nickel interlayer, Mater. Sci. Forum. 710 (2012) 620-625.

DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.710.620

[21] C.H. Muralimohan, M. Ashfaq, R. Ashiri, V. Muthupandi, K. Sivaprasad, Analysis and characterization of the role of Ni interlayer in the friction welding of titanium and 304 austenitic stainless steel, Metall. Mater. Trans. A. 47 (2016) 347-359.

DOI: 10.1007/s11661-015-3210-z

[22] C.H. Muralimohan, V. Muthupandi, Friction welding of type 304 stainless steel to CP titanium using nickel interlayer, Adv. Mater. Res. 794 (2013) 351-357.

DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.794.351

[23] C.H. Muralimohan, V. Muthupandi, K. Sivaprasad, Properties of friction welding titanium-stainless steel joints with a nickel interlayer, Procedia. Mater. Sci. 5 (2014) 1120-1129.

DOI: 10.1016/j.mspro.2014.07.406

[24] M. Cheepu, M. Ashfaq, V. Muthupandi, A new approach for using interlayer and analysis of the friction welding of titanium to stainless steel, Trans. Indian. Inst. Met. (2017). https: /doi. org/10. 1007/s12666-017-1114-x.

DOI: 10.1007/s12666-017-1114-x

[25] W.M. Thomas, E.D. Nicholas, J.C. Needham, M.G. Murch, P. Temple-Smith and C.J. Dawes, Friction stir butt welding, GB patent 9125978. 8. (1991).

[26] P.M.G.P. Moreira, T. Santos, S.M.O. Tavares, V. Richter-Trummer, P. Vilaça, P.M.S.T. de Castro, Mechanical and metallurgical characterization of friction stir welding joints of AA6061-T6 with AA6082-T6, Mater. Des. 30 (2009) 180-187.

DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2008.04.042

[27] H. Jamshidi Aval, S. Serajzadeh, A study on natural aging behavior and mechanical properties of friction stir-welded AA6061-T6 plates, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 71 (2014) 933-941.

DOI: 10.1007/s00170-013-5531-7

[28] G. Çam, Friction stir welded structural materials: beyond Al alloys, Int. Mater. Rev. 56 (2011) 1-48.

DOI: 10.1179/095066010x12777205875750

[29] S. Malarvizhi, V. Balasubramanian, Influences of welding processes and post-weld ageing treatment on mechanical and metallurgical properties of AA2219 aluminium alloy joints, Weld. World. 56 (2012) 105-119.

DOI: 10.1007/bf03321386

[30] L.E. Murr, G. Liu, J.C. Mcclure, A TEM study of precipitation and related microstructures in friction-stir-welded 6061 aluminium, J. Mater. Sci. 33 (1998) 1243-1251.

DOI: 10.1023/a:1004385928163

[31] A.K. Lakshminarayanan, V. Balasubramanian, K. Elangovan, Effect of welding processes on tensile properties of AA6061 aluminium alloy joints, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 40 (2009) 286-296.

DOI: 10.1007/s00170-007-1325-0

[32] S. Lim, S. Kim, C.G. Lee, S. Kim, Tensile behavior of friction stir-welded Al 6061-T651, Metall. Mater. Trans. A. 35 (2004) 2829-2835.

DOI: 10.1007/s11661-004-0230-5

[33] K.N. Krishnan, The effect of post weld heat treatment on the properties of 6061 friction stir welded joints, J. Mater. Sci. 37 (2002) 473-480.

[34] S. Malarvizhi, V. Balasubramanian, Effects of welding processes and post-weld aging treatment on fatigue behavior of AA2219 aluminium alloy joints, J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 20 (2011) 359-367.

DOI: 10.1007/s11665-010-9682-5

[35] G. İpekoğlu, S. Erim, B. Gören Kıral, G. Çam, Investigation into the effect of temper condition on friction stir weldability of AA6061 Al-alloy plates, Kovove. Mater. 51 (2013) 155-163.

DOI: 10.4149/km_2013_3_155

[36] G. İpekoğlu, S. Erim, G. Çam, Investigation into the influence of post-weld heat treatment on the friction stir welded AA6061 Al-alloy plates with different temper conditions, Metall. Mater. Trans. A. 45 (2014) 864-877.

DOI: 10.1007/s11661-013-2026-y

[37] H.J. Zhang, H.J. Liu, L. Yu, Effect of water cooling on the performances of friction stir welding heat-affected zone, J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 21 (2012) 1182-1187.

DOI: 10.1007/s11665-011-0060-8

[38] J. Yan, Z. Xu, Z. Li, L. Li, S. Yang, Microstructure characteristics and performance of dissimilar welds between magnesium alloy and aluminum formed by friction stirring, Scripta. Mater. 53 (2005) 585-589.

DOI: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2005.04.022

[39] M.A. Mofid, A. Abdollah-zadeh, F.M. Ghaini, The effect of water cooling during dissimilar friction stir welding of Al alloy to Mg alloy, Mater. Des. 36 (2012) 161-167.

DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2011.11.004

[40] F.C. Liu, Z.Y. Ma, Influence of tool dimension and welding parameters on microstructure and mechanical properties of friction-stir-welded 6061-t651 aluminum alloy, Metall. Mater. Trans. A. 39A (2008) 2378-2388.

DOI: 10.1007/s11661-008-9586-2

[41] S. Muthukumaran, S.K. Mukherjee, Two modes of metal flow phenomenon in friction stir welding process, Sci. Technol. Weld. Join. 11 (2006) 337-340.

DOI: 10.1179/174329306x107665

[42] Y. Zhao, Z. Lu, K. Yan, L. Huang, Microstructural characterizations and mechanical properties in underwater friction stir welding of aluminum and magnesium dissimilar alloys, Mater. Des. 65 (2015) 675-681.

DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2014.09.046

[43] J.Q. Su, T.W. Nelson, R. Mishra, M. Mahoney, Microstructural investigation of friction stir welded 7050-T651 aluminium, Acta. Mater. 51 (2003) 713-729.

DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6454(02)00449-4

[44] L. Hui-jie, Z. Hui-jie, H. Yong-xian, Y. Lei, Mechanical properties of underwater friction stir welded 2219 aluminum alloy, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China. 20 (2010) 1387-1391.

DOI: 10.1016/s1003-6326(09)60309-5

[45] A. Scialpi, L.A.C. De Filippis, P. Cavaliere, Influence of shoulder geometry on microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded 6082 aluminium alloy Mater. Des. 28 (2007) 1124-1129.

DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2006.01.031

[46] S.R. Ren, Z.Y. Ma, L.Q. Chen, Effect of welding parameters on tensile properties and fracture behavior of friction stir welded Al– Mg–Si alloy, Scripta. Mater. 56 (2007) 69-72.

DOI: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2006.08.054

[47] P. Cavaliere, A.D. Santis, F. Panella, A. Squillace, Effect of welding parameters on mechanical and microstructural properties of dissimilar AA6082-AA2024 joints produced by friction stir welding, Mater. Des. 30 (2009) 609-616.

DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2008.05.044

[48] S. Kou, Y. Le, Nucleation mechanism and grain refining of weld metal, Weld. J. 65(4) (1986) 65-70.

[49] E.O. Hall, Yield point phenomena in metals and alloys, Plenum Press, New York, (1970).