Skip to content
BY 4.0 license Open Access Published by De Gruyter Open Access January 20, 2020

Re-examining inequality persistence

  • Atanu Ghoshray EMAIL logo , Mercedes Monfort and Javier Ordóñez
From the journal Economics

Abstract

Although it is not a new phenomenon, in recent years inequality has moved to the top of the political agenda given the concern that will result in political instability and social resentment. Persistence in inequality can further undermine economic growth and development by hindering educational opportunities, human capital formation, and intergenerational mobility. The persistent nature of inequality stands as one of the most serious challenges for the global economy. This paper analyses inequality persistence for a sample of 60 countries from 1984 to 2015. The authors conclude that inequality is persistent and government redistribution polices through taxes and transfers did not significantly reduce inequality persistence.

JEL Classification: C23; D63

References

Arestis, P., and Sawyer, M.C. (2005). Financial liberalization: Beyond orthodox concerns. Annual Edition of International Papers in Political Economy. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.10.1057/9780230522381Search in Google Scholar

Bartels, L. (2008). Unequal democracy: The political economy of the New Gilded Age. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Bai, J., and Ng, S. (2004). A PANIC attack on unit roots and cointegration. Econometrica 72(4), 1127–1177. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1468-0262.2004.00528.x10.1111/j.1468-0262.2004.00528.xSearch in Google Scholar

Bai, J., and Ng, S. (2010). Panel unit root tests with cross-section dependence: A further investigation. Econometric Theory 26(4), 1088–1114. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4080087510.1017/S0266466609990478Search in Google Scholar

Banerjee, A., Marcellino, M., and Osbat, C. (2005). Testing for PPP: Should we use panel methods? Empirical Economics 30(1), 77–91. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00181-004-0222-8Search in Google Scholar

Barro, R.J. (2000). Inequality and growth in a panel of countries, Journal of Economic Growth 5, 5–32. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1009850119329Search in Google Scholar

Christopoulos. D., and McAdam, P. (2017). On the persistence of cross-country inequality measures. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 49(1), 255–266. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jmcb.1237410.1111/jmcb.12374Search in Google Scholar

D’Addio, A.C. (2007). Intergenerational transmission of disadvantage: Mobility or immobility across generations? A review of the evidence for OECD countries. OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers 52, OECD Publishing. https://ideas.repec.org/p/oec/elsaab/52-en.htmlSearch in Google Scholar

Holsch, K., and Kraus, M. (2006). European schemes of social assistance: An empirical analysis of setups and distributive impacts. International Journal of Social Welfare 15(1), 50–62. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1468-2397.2006.00543.x10.1111/j.1468-2397.2006.00543.xSearch in Google Scholar

Holter, H.A. (2015). Accounting for cross-country differences in intergenerational earnings persistence: The impact of taxation and public education expenditure. Quantitative Economics 6(2), 385–428. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.3982/QE28610.3982/QE286Search in Google Scholar

Im, K.S., Pesaran, M.H., and Shin, Y. (2003). Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels. Journal of Econometrics 115(1), 53–74. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S030440760300092710.1016/S0304-4076(03)00092-7Search in Google Scholar

Islam, M.R, and Madsen, J.B. (2015). Is income inequality persistent? Evidence using panel stationarity tests, 1870–2011. Economics Letters 127, 17–19. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S016517651400485610.1016/j.econlet.2014.12.024Search in Google Scholar

ILO (2011). World of work report 2011 – making markets work for jobs. Geneva, ILO. https://www.ilo.org/global/publications/ilo-bookstore/order-online/books/WCMS_166021/lang-en/index.htmSearch in Google Scholar

Koeniger, W.M. (2007). Labor market institutions and wage inequality. ILR Review 60(3), 340–356. https://econpapers.repec.org/article/saeilrrev/v_3a60_3ay_3a2007_3ai_3a3_3ap_3a340-356.htm10.1177/001979390706000302Search in Google Scholar

Levin, A., Lin, C. F., and Chu, C. S. J. (2002). Unit root tests in panel data: asymptotic and finite-sample properties. Journal of Econometrics 108(1), 1–24. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S030440760100098710.1016/S0304-4076(01)00098-7Search in Google Scholar

Maddala, G.S., and Wu, S. (1999). A comparative study of unit root tests with panel data and a new simple test. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 61(S1), 631–652. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0084.0610s163110.1111/1468-0084.0610s1631Search in Google Scholar

Matthijs, M. (2016). The euro’s ‘winner-take-all’ political economy: Institutional choices, policy drift, and diverging patterns of inequality. Politics & Society 44(3), 393–422. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0032329216655317?journalCode=pasa10.1177/0032329216655317Search in Google Scholar

Moon, H.R., and Perron, B. (2004). Testing for a unit root in panels with dynamic factors. Journal of econometrics, 122(1), 81–126. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S030440760300270710.1016/j.jeconom.2003.10.020Search in Google Scholar

Murphy, K.J. (1999). Executive compensation. In: Ashenfelter, O., and Card, D. (eds.), Handbook of Labor Economics, Vol. 3. North-Holland, Amsterdam.Search in Google Scholar

O’Connell, P. G. (1998). The overvaluation of purchasing power parity. Journal of International Economics 44(1), 1–19. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S002219969700017210.1016/S0022-1996(97)00017-2Search in Google Scholar

OECD (2011). Divided we stand: Why inequality keeps rising. OECD Publishing, Paris. https://www.oecd.org/els/soc/dividedwestandwhyinequalitykeepsrising.htm10.1787/9789264119536-enSearch in Google Scholar

OECD (2015). In it together: Why less inequality benefits all. OECD Publishing, Paris. https://www.oecd.org/social/in-it-together-why-less-inequality-benefits-all-9789264235120-en.htm10.1787/9789264235120-enSearch in Google Scholar

Palm, F.C, Smeekes, S., and Urbain, J.P. (2011). Cross-sectional dependence robust block bootstrap panel unit root tests. Journal of Econometrics 163(1), 85–104. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S030440761000214910.1016/j.jeconom.2010.11.010Search in Google Scholar

Pesaran, M.H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-sectional dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics 22(2), 265–312. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jae.95110.1002/jae.951Search in Google Scholar

Piketty, T. (2003). Income inequality in France, 1901–1998. Journal of Political Economy 111(5), 1004–1042. https://econpapers.repec.org/article/ucpjpolec/v_3a111_3ay_3a2003_3ai_3a5_3ap_3a1004-1042.htm10.1086/376955Search in Google Scholar

Piketty, T. (2014). Capital in the twenty-first century. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.10.4159/9780674369542Search in Google Scholar

Rehm, P. (2016). Risk inequality and welfare states: Social policy preferences, development, and dynamics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9781316257777Search in Google Scholar

Rodrik, D. (1997). Has globalization gone too far? Washington, D.C.: Institute of International Economics.Search in Google Scholar

Strauss, J., and Yigit, T. (2003). Shortfalls of panel unit root testing. Economics Letters 81(3), 309–313. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S016517650300210610.1016/S0165-1765(03)00210-6Search in Google Scholar

Solt, F. (2009). Standardizing the world income inequality database. Social Science Quarterly 90(2), 231–242. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1540-6237.2009.00614.x10.1111/j.1540-6237.2009.00614.xSearch in Google Scholar

Solt, F. (2016). The standardized world income inequality database. Social Science Quarterly 97(5), 1267–1281. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ssqu.1229510.1111/ssqu.12295Search in Google Scholar

Smeeding, T.M. (2005). Government programs and social outcomes: The United States in comparative perspective. LIS Working papers 426, LIS Cross-National Data Center in Luxembourg. https://ideas.repec.org/p/lis/liswps/426.htmlSearch in Google Scholar

UNU-WIDER (2008). UNU-WIDER world income inequality database. UNU-WIDER, Helsinki.Search in Google Scholar

Vieira, S. (2012). Inequality on the rise? An assessment of current available data on income inequality, at global, international and national levels. United Nations Department of Economics and Social Affairs, background paper for the WESS 2013. https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/wess/wess_bg_papers/bp_wess2013_svieira1.pdfSearch in Google Scholar

Visser, J., and Checchi, D. (2009). Inequality and the labor market: Unions. In Salverda, W., Nolan, B., and Smeeding, T.M. (eds.), The Oxford handbook of economic inequality. Oxford University Press, Oxford.Search in Google Scholar

Violante, G.L. (2008). Skill-biased technical change. In Blume, L., and Durlauf, S. (eds.), The new Palgrave dictionary of economics. Palgrave Macmillan.10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_2388-1Search in Google Scholar

Received: 2019-10-16
Revised: 2020-01-08
Accepted: 2020-01-13
Published Online: 2020-01-20
Published in Print: 2020-12-01

© 2020 Atanu Ghoshray et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Downloaded on 3.6.2024 from https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.5018/economics-ejournal.ja.2020-1/html
Scroll to top button