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2015 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

6. The Oceans: Resilience at Risk

verfasst von : Katie Auth

Erschienen in: State of the World 2015

Verlag: Island Press/Center for Resource Economics

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Abstract

In Herman Melville’s 1851 classic, Moby-Dick, the deranged and obsessive Captain Ahab travels the world in pursuit of a singular white whale. As Ahab’s crew sails on—facing storms, sharks, and, at times, desolate isolation—Melville transforms the ocean into a character in and of itself. The source of both great wealth and great danger, the sea becomes a symbol of humanity’s simultaneous industriousness and utter powerlessness.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Mounting Losses of Agricultural Resources

Nächstes Kapitel Whose Arctic Is It?

Herman Melville, Moby-Dick (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1979).

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), U.S. Department of Commerce, “Brief History of the Groundfish Industry of New England,” www.nefsc.noaa.gov/history/stories/groundfish/grndfsh1.html, viewed November 4, 2014.

NOAA National Ocean Service, “How Much of the Ocean Have We Explored?” http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/exploration.html, viewed October 12, 2014.

Estimate of 3 billion from United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Global Aquaculture Advancement Partnership (GAAP) Programme, prepared for the Seventh Session of the COFI Sub-Committee on Aquaculture, St. Petersburg, Russia, October 7–11, 2013; LIFDCs from “The Role of Seafood in Global Food Security,” advance and unedited reporting material on the topic of focus of the fifteenth meeting of the United Nations Open-ended Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea, March 14, 2014, www.un.org/depts/los/consultative_process/documents/adv_uned_mat.pdf; Table 6–1 from Gertjan de Graaf and Luca Garibaldi, The Value of African Fisheries (Rome: FAO, 2014); Joint Ocean Commission Initiative, America’s Ocean Future: Ensuring Healthy Oceans to Support a Vibrant Economy (Washington, DC: June 2011).

Figure 6–1 from FAO, The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (Rome: 2014).

California Environmental Associates, Charting a Course to Sustainable Fisheries (San Francisco: July 2012); FAO, The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture.

Boris Worm et al., “Impacts of Biodiversity Loss on Ocean Ecosystem Services,” Science 314, no. 787 (November 3, 2006): 787–90.

National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Gulf of Maine Atlantic Cod: 2014 Assessment Update (Woods Hole, MA: August 22, 2014).

Dennis M. King and Jon G. Sutinen, “Rational Noncompliance and the Liquidation of Northeast Groundfish Resources,” Marine Policy 34 (2010): 7–10; Pew Charitable Trusts, Risky Decisions: How Denial and Delay Brought Disaster to New England’s Historic Fishing Grounds (Philadelphia, PA: October 2014).

Katie Auth, Fishing for Common Ground: Broadening the Definition of “Rights-based” Fisheries Management in Iceland’s Westfjords (Akureyri, Iceland: University of Akureyri, 2012).

Boris Worm et al., “Rebuilding Global Fisheries,” Science 325, no. 5940 (July 31, 2009): 578–85; California Environmental Associates, Charting a Course to Sustainable Fisheries.

E. Griffin et al., Predators as Prey: Why Healthy Oceans Need Sharks (Washington, DC: Oceana, 2008); Ransom A. Myers et al., “Cascading Effects of the Loss of Apex Predatory Sharks from a Coastal Ocean,” Science 315, no. 5820 (March 30, 2007): 1846–50.

Bettina Wassener, “China Says No More Shark Fin Soup at State Banquets,” New York Times, July 3, 2012; FAO, The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture, 122.

FAO, The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture.

California Environmental Associates, Charting a Course to Sustainable Fisheries.

Global Carbon Project, Global Carbon Budget 2014 (Canberra, Australia: September 21, 2014).

Xianyao Chen and Ka-Kit Tung, “Varying Planetary Heat Sink Led to Global-warming Slowdown and Acceleration,” Science 345, no. 6199 (August 22, 2014): 897–903; Galen A. McKinley et al., “Convergence of Atmospheric and North Atlantic Carbon Dioxide Trends on Multidecadal Timescales,” Nature Geoscience 4 (June 2011): 606–10.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Cambridge, U.K. and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014); NOAA Fisheries, Ecosystem Advisory for the Northeast Shelf Large Marine Ecosystem, no. 1 (2014).

IPCC, Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability; Janet Nye et al., “Changing Spatial Distribution of Fish Stocks in Relation to Climate and Population Size on the Northeast United States Continental Shelf,” Marine Ecology Progress Series 393 (2009): 111–29.

Rachel W. Obbard et al., “Global Warming Releases Microplastic Legacy Frozen in Arctic Sea Ice,” Earth’s Future 2, no. 6 (June 2014): 315–20.

Kara Lavender Law and Richard C. Thompson, “Microplastics in the Seas,” Science 345, no. 6193 (July 11, 2014): 144–45.

Obbard et al., “Global Warming Releases Microplastic Legacy Frozen in Arctic Sea Ice.”

NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) Carbon Program, “What Is Ocean Acidification?” www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/What+is+Ocean+Acidification%3F, viewed October 13, 2014; IPCC, Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability.

NOAA PMEL Carbon Program, “What Is Ocean Acidification?”; IPCC, Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability.

IPCC, Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability; Victoria J. Fabry et al., “Ocean Acidification at High Latitudes: The Bellwether,” Oceanography 22, no. 4 (2009): 160–71.

IPCC, Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability.

Ibid.

Katherine E. Mills et al., “Fisheries Management in a Changing Climate: Lessons from the 2012 Ocean Heat Wave in the Northwest Atlantic,” Oceanography 26, no. 2 (2013): 191–95; Michael Wines and Jess Bidgood, “Waters Warm, and Cod Catch Ebbs in Maine,” New York Times, December 14, 2014; Pew Charitable Trusts, Risky Decisions: How Denial and Delay Brought Disaster to New England’s Historic Fishing Grounds, 11.

“Atlantic Puffin Population Is in Danger, Scientists Warn,” Associated Press, June 3, 2013.

Ibid.

IPCC, Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability; Northern Economics, The Seafood Industry in Alaska’s Economy: 2011 Executive Summary Update (Juneau, AK: Marine Conservation Alliance, 2011).

J. T. Mathis et al., “Ocean Acidification Risk Assessment for Alaska’s Fishery Sector,” Progress in Oceanography (2014), doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2014.07.001; IPCC, Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability.

Titel: The Oceans: Resilience at Risk
verfasst von: Katie Auth
Verlag: Island Press/Center for Resource Economics
Buch: State of the World 2015
Print ISBN: 978-1-59726-073-2

Electronic ISBN: 978-1-61091-611-0

Copyright-Jahr: 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-611-0_6