International Journal of Materials and Chemistry
p-ISSN: 2166-5346 e-ISSN: 2166-5354
2012; 2(2): 79-85
doi: 10.5923/j.ijmc.20120202.07
Gupta Neetika1, Kumar D.2, Tomar S. K.3
1Department of Chemistry, Meerut International Institute of Technology, Meerut, 250002, India
2Department of Chemistry, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India
3Institute of Engineering & Technology, JK Lakshmipat University; Jaipur, India
Correspondence to: Gupta Neetika, Department of Chemistry, Meerut International Institute of Technology, Meerut, 250002, India.
Email: |
Copyright © 2012 Scientific & Academic Publishing. All Rights Reserved.
Polyanilines are synthesized by free radical chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline & o-toluidine using ammonium persulphate as an oxidant in protonic acid medium. These polymers have been introduced into polystyrene sulphonic acid (PSSA) in 2:1, 1:1, 1:2 compositions for the preparation of composite materials. The composite samples so obtained are thermally characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction, and FTIR spectra. The incorporation of polymer in PSSA has been endorsed by FTIR analysis. TGA data reveals that the (Polyaniline/Polystyrene sulphonic acid) PANI/PSSA (2:1) and (Poly o-toluidine/Polystyrene sulphonic acid) POT/PSSA (2:1) composites show better thermal stability than their 1:1 and 1:2 counterparts. Steric hindrance of –CH3 group present in ortho position and sulphonic acid group of PSSA affects the thermal behaviour of composites. Two-step transitions are clearly reported from the DSC thermograms of polyanilines/PSSA composites and non-reversing chemical cross-linking reaction was further confirmed by X-ray diffraction and DSC thermograms.
Keywords: Polyanilines, Chemical Oxidative Polymerization, Composites, PSSA
Figure 1. TGA thermogram of PANI/PSSA composite materials |
Figure 2. TGA thermogram of POT/PSSA composite materials |
Figure 3. DSC thermogram of PANI/PSSA composite materials |
Figure 4. DSC thermograms of POT/PSSA composite materials |
Figure 5. FTIR spectra of PANI/PSSA composite materials |
Figure 6. FTIR spectra of POT/PSSA composite materials[ POT/PSSA (2:1), POT/PSSA (1:1),POT/PSSA (1:2)] |
[1] | V. P. Parkhutik, J. M. Martinez-Duart, R. D. Calleja, E. M. Matveeva, J. Electrochem. Soc, 1993, “Deposition of Polyaniline Films onto Porous Silicon Layers, 140, L94-L95. |
[2] | K.H.Chen, S. M. Yang, 2003” Polyaniline-montmorillonite composite synthesized by electrochemical method” Synth. Met. 135, 151-152. |
[3] | J. A. Conklin, S. C. Huang, S. M. Huang, T. Wan, R. B. Kaner, 1995, “Thermal properties of polyaniline and poly(aniline-co-o-ethylaniline)” Macromol., 28, 6522-6527. |
[4] | L. H. Dao, M. Leclerc, J. Guay, J. W. Chevalier,1989, “Synthesis and characterization of substituted poly anilines”Synth. Met. 29, 377-382. |
[5] | L. Ding, X. Wang, R. V. Gregory, 1999, “Thermal properties of chemically synthesized polyanilines (EB)powder”, Synth. Met., 104, 73-78. |
[6] | S. H. Goh, H. S. O. Chan, C. H. Ong, 1998, “Miscible blends of conductive polyaniline with tertiary amide polymers” J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 68, 1839-1844. |
[7] | N. Gupta, 2010,“Investigations on electronically conducting polymers” Ph.D.Thesis, C.C.S.Univ., Meerut, |
[8] | N. Gupta, D. Kumar, 2009 “Investigation on poly (aniline-co-o-toluidine) / polystyrene sulphonic acid composite”, Ind. J. Eng Mat. Sci, 16, 403-409. |
[9] | N. Gupta, S. Sharma, I. Mir, D. Kumar, 2006, “Advances in sensors based on conducting polymers”, J. Sci. Ind. Res. 65, 549-557. |
[10] | K. Gurunathan, D. C. Trivedi, 2000, “Studies on polyaniline and colloidal TiO composites” Mater. Lett.45, 262-268. |
[11] | K. Gurunathan, D. P. Amalnerkar, D. C. Trivedi, 2003, “Synthesis and characterization of conducting polymer composite (PAn/TiO2) for cathode material in rechargeable battery”Mater. Lett.57, 1642-1648. |
[12] | T. Jeevananda, Siddaramaiah, 2003, “Synthesis and characterization of polyaniline filled PU/PMMA IPNs” Eur. Polym. J., 39 (3) 569-578. |
[13] | V. Jousseaume, M. Morsli, A. Bonnet, O. Tesson, S. Lefrant, 1998, “Electrical properties of polyaniline–polystyrene blends above the percolation threshold” J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 67, 1205-1208. |
[14] | A. Kaynak, J. Unsoworth, R. Clout, A. Mohan, G. Bears, 1994, “A study of microwave transmission, reflection, absorption, and shielding effectiveness of conducting polypyrrole films” J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 54, 269-278. |
[15] | P. S. Khiew, N. M. Huang, S. Radiman, M. S. Ahmad, 2004, “Synthesis and characterization of conducting polyaniline-coated cadmium sulphide nanocomposites in reverse microemulsion” Mater. Lett., 58, 516-521. |
[16] | T. Kobayashi, H. Yoneyama, H. Tamura, 1984, “Polyaniline film-coated electrodes as electrochromic display devices” J. Electroanal. Chem. 161, 419-423. |
[17] | D. Kumar, R. Chandra, 2001, “Thermal behavior of synthetic metals, Polyanilines”, Ind. J. Eng. Mater. Sci., 8 209-214. |
[18] | D. Kumar, R. C. Sharma, 1998 “Advances in conducting polymers” Eur. Polym. J. 34 1053-1060. |
[19] | X. Li, G. Wang, D. Lu, 2004, “Surface properties of polyaniline/nano-TiO2 composites” Appl. Surf. Sci, 229, 395-401. |
[20] | L. F. Malmonge, L. H. Mattoso, 1995, “Electroactive blends of poly(vinylidene fluoride) and polyaniline derivatives” Polymer, 36, 245-249. |
[21] | M. Mermillod, J. Tanguy, F. Petiot, 1986, “A study of chemically synthesized polypyrrole as electrode material for battery applications” J. Electrochem. Soc.133, 1073-1079. |
[22] | H. S. Nalwa, 2006, “Handbook of organic conductive molecules and polymer”,Vol. 2, Wiley, New York. |
[23] | T. F. Otero, J. Rodriguez, E. Angulov, C. Santamarias, 1993, “Artificial muscles from bilayer structures”, Synth. Met., 57, 3713-3717. |
[24] | W. Pan, S. Yang, G. Li, J. M. Jiang, 2005, “Electrical and structural analysis of conductive polyaniline/polyacrylonitrile composites”, Eur. Polym. J., 41 2127-2133. |
[25] | M. Panda, V. Srinivas, A. K. Thakur 2008, “On the question of percolation threshold in polyvinylidene fluoride/nanocrystalline nickel composites”, Appl. Phys. Lett., 92 (1) 132905-132907, 2010 “Thermal effects on the percolation behavior of polyvinylidene fluoride/nickel composites”, Appl. Phys. Lett., 117, 3023-3028 |
[26] | Y. H. Park, H. C. Shin, Y. Lee, Y. Son, D. H. Baik, 1999 “Electrochemical preparation of polypyrrole copolymer films from PSPMS precursor”, Macromol, 32 4615-4618. |
[27] | Y. H. Park, C.R. Park, 2001, “Preparation of conducting polyacrylonitrile / polyaniline composite films by electrochemical synthesis and their electroactivity”, Synth. Met. 118(1), 187-192. |
[28] | M. Ram, R. N. P. Choudhary, A.K. Thakur, 2007 “ Preparation and characterization of LiFe1/2Ni 1/2Vo4” Mater. Chem. & Phys., 101 455-463. |
[29] | N. Shukla, A. Shukla, A. K. Thakur, R. N. P. Choudhary, 2008, “Low temperature ferroelectric behavior of PVDE based composites”, Ind. J. Eng. Mater. Sci., 15 126-128. |
[30] | G. P. Singh, S. Ram, A. K. Thakur, R. N. P. Choudhary, 2008 “Electrical properties of ferromagnetic AgCro2 particles”, Ind. J. Eng. Mater. Sci., 15 171-175. |
[31] | S. Wang, Z. Tan, Y. Li, L. Sun, T. Zhang, 2006, “ Synthesis, characterization and thermal analysis of polyaniline/Zro2 composites” Thermochim. Acta, 441, 191-194. |
[32] | C. G. Wu, Y. C. Liu, S. S. Hsu, 1999 “Assembly of conducting polymer/ metal oxide multilayer in one step” Synth. Met. 102, 1268-1269. |
[33] | P. Xiao, M. Xiao, P. Liu, K. Gong, 2000, “ Direct synthesis of a polyaniline intercalated graphite oxide nanocomposite” Carbon, 38 626-628. |
[34] | S. M. Yang, K. H. Chen, 2003, “Synthesis of polyaniline montmorillonite nanocomposites” Synth. Met., 135, 51-52. |