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1994 | Buch

Origin of Emissions Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

Measurement of Atmospheric Emissions

verfasst von: Heikki Torvela

Verlag: Springer London

Enthalten in: Professional Book Archive

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Über dieses Buch

Due to the threat of a possible global climate change and the greenhouse effect caused by constituents of anthropogenic origin in the atmosphere, air quality has become a major environmental issue. As a consequence, emissions into the atmosphere need to be monitored and controlled. Measurement of Atmospheric Emissions presents technologies for emission control and analysis from industrial and energy plants. The author explains the physical and chemical basis before proceeding to the practical performance. This publication provides the reader with the knowledge necessary to critically analyze and investigate emission measurement techniques. It will be of great interest to researchers and engineers in the fields of environmental technology and air pollution control. It will assist in the choice of the most appropriate instruments for various purposes and circumstances.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Origin of Emissions
Abstract
The quality of air has been a major environmental issue since the 1980s. This is mainly because of the threat of possible global climate change and the “greenhouse. effect” caused by constituents of anthropogenic origin in the atmosphere.
Heikki Torvela
Chapter 2. Determination of Mass Concentration of Particulate Material
Abstract
The gravimetric method is based on the sampling of the flowing particulateloaded gas from different points across the exhaust gas duct, and the gravimetric determination of the mass of the particulate material. The sample is collected over a certain period of time from each point. The volumetric gas flow is measured. To get the result, the following steps must be performed [34]:
  • Determine the volumetric flow of the gas.
  • Take the particulate material sample (on filter).
  • Adjust the sample gas flow (isokinetic sampling).
  • Determine the volume of the sample gas.
  • Weigh the particulate material.
  • Calculate the concentration and the mass flow.
Heikki Torvela
Chapter 3. Determination of Particle Size Distribution
Abstract
It is important to know the size distribution of the particulate material in emission gases when, for instance, developing control technologies and testing their efficiencies, as well as when monitoring emissions. The size and the size distribution of solid particles can be measured by various methods. The choice of method is affected by the particle size, for example. The measuring methods vary from mechanical, inertia-based separators (e.g. impactors and cyclones) to methods exploiting optical and electrical interactions. In the following, the most commonly used of these are discussed.
Heikki Torvela
Chapter 4. Determination of Metal Emissions
Abstract
Metal emissions are generated in the combustion of almost all fuels. Table 4.1 represents average metal concentrations for various fuels.
Heikki Torvela
Chapter 5. Measurement of Gaseous Emissions
Abstract
When a gas containing sulphur dioxide is irradiated using ultraviolet light of appropriate wavelength, sulphur dioxide molecules are excited to an energy level higher than the original. When returning to the normal lower energy level, excited molecules give up their extra energy, giving rise to another radiation called fluorescent radiation (also in the ultraviolet wavelength range), the intensity of which is detected. This principle is generally used for the measurement of the concentration of sulphur dioxide in emission gases
Heikki Torvela
Chapter 6. Optical Spectroscopy in Emission Measurements
Abstract
The energy of molecules is the sum of translational, rotational, vibrational and electronic energies:
$$ {E_{{\text{mol}}}}{\text{ = }}{E_{{\text{trans}}}}{\text{ + }}{E_{{\text{rot}}}}{\text{ + }}{E_{{\text{vib}}}}{\text{ + }}{E_{{\text{el}}}} $$
From the point of view of the molecular spectra, translational energy E trans is not of considerable importance, and can be neglected [101]. Rotational energy can have some significance, above all in small molecules in a gaseous state, which can rotate relatively freely.
Heikki Torvela
Chapter 7. Other Measurement Technologies
Abstract
By the use of electrochemical measuring cells, it has become possible to construct portable measuring instruments which can simultaneously record concentrations of several gas components. In the instrument, there is a specific cell for each gas to be measured. Electrochemical cells have been produced to measure the concentrations of oxygen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulphide, nitrogen oxides and sulphur oxides from emission gases.
Heikki Torvela
Chapter 8. Analysis Methods
Abstract
In the following, the basis of some important methods for the analysis of gaseous emissions and particulate emissions are discussed. These methods include gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, atomic absorption spectrometry and X-ray spectrometry.
Heikki Torvela
Chapter 9. Economics of Emission Measurement and Control
Abstract
The world environmental market was estimated, in 1989, to be worth about US $277 billion and is projected to grow, by the year 2000, to US $454 [150]. The North American environmental market, for instance, could be summarised as follows:
Heikki Torvela
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Measurement of Atmospheric Emissions
verfasst von
Heikki Torvela
Copyright-Jahr
1994
Verlag
Springer London
Electronic ISBN
978-1-4471-3482-4
Print ISBN
978-1-4471-3484-8
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3482-4