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2016 | Buch

Measuring Biological Impacts of Nanomaterials

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Über dieses Buch

This book reviews several aspects of the biological response to nanoscale particles on a molecular and cellular level. Nanoscale materials and nanoscale particles in particular have interesting properties and beneficial applications. While they thus have entered our daily lifes on many different levels (from electronics, over textiles, packaging or surface modifications, to biomedical applications), general rules describing their interaction with biological structures and biological matter are still difficult to derive. The existing literature suggests a variety of interaction schemes between nanoparticles and biological objects, not dispelling the public concerns about possible health effects and harmful properties. A systematic approach to the problem is needed and timely.

This book specifically emphasizes bioanalytical problems starting from the characterization of the nanomaterials to the pitfalls and potential artifacts of state-of-the-art cytotoxicity assays that are frequently used to study harmful effects on cells. It also highlights the application of label-free bioanalytical techniques that can potentially complement the present approaches and hence provide new perspectives on this highly discussed cutting-edge field of research and public concern.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
Characterization of Nanoparticles Under Physiological Conditions
Abstract
In this article, well-established characterization methods for nanoparticles (NPs) are discussed, in particular their application under physiological conditions. The impact of different media, mimicking physiological conditions, on NP stability in terms of physiological ionic strength and formation of the NP–protein corona is described. In order to characterize NPs under physiological conditions, we distinguish between scattering and correlation methods, microscopy-based methods, and methods based on hydrodynamic separation. Features and limitations of relevant characterization methods are reviewed, as well as challenges arising in physiological media from enhanced aggregation tendency and the presence of proteins. We conclude that no available method for NP characterization in physiological media is able to describe the colloidal system completely and satisfactory. On the contrary, combining well-chosen analytical methods by taking benefits and disadvantages into account may provide detailed characterization results.
K. A. Eslahian, T. Lang, C. Bantz, R. Keller, R. Sperling, D. Docter, R. Stauber, M. Maskos
Probing the Cytotoxicity of Nanoparticles: Experimental Pitfalls and Artifacts
Abstract
Throughout the last years, a huge variety of different nanoparticle formulations have been studied with the aim to assess their harmlessness in biological systems, to elucidate how the morphological features govern their impact on cells, and to develop cell labeling strategies for biomedical purposes. Most of such studies are based on the use of various cell viability assays. Interestingly, different results – even contradictory ones – have been observed between the groups, even though the respective nanoparticle formulations were more or less similar. One possible reason for such discrepancies is the occurrence of specific interactions between the nanoparticles and the ingredients of the respective cell viability assays. A similar situation can be encountered when researchers investigate the labeling of (stem) cells for biomedical purposes. Hereto, different labeling efficiencies were observed with the corresponding effects on cell viability and functionality. Therefore, the present review focuses on potential pitfalls and artifacts associated with the cytotoxicity evaluation of nanomaterials.
Jenny Domey, Lisa Haslauer, Ina Grau, Claudia Strobel, Melanie Kettering, Ingrid Hilger
Monitoring the Impact of Nanomaterials on Animal Cells by Impedance Analysis: A Noninvasive, Label-Free, and Multimodal Approach
Abstract
Experimental assays based on living cells have emerged to an indispensable tool in the life sciences as a compromise between animal experiments and purely molecular interactions analysis. Label-free monitoring of such assays is rather new and its technical progress has been driven by the accumulating evidence that the molecular constituents of label-based approaches might manipulate the assay cells or their readout might be affected by the compound being tested in the assay. This has been particularly evident in the field of nanotoxicology as many nanomaterials are luminescent or redox active or they inhibit the activity of enzymes that are used to analyze the cell response. Among the established label-free techniques to monitor cell-based assays, impedance analysis is the farthest developed with respect to the available assay formats, throughput, and information content of the raw data. This chapter will summarize the general principles of impedimetric cell monitoring, introduce the available assay formats, and show how these have been applied to unravel the biological response of nanoscale particles on different levels of cell physiology. The description and interpretation of impedimetric assays will be embedded in a thorough discussion on the pros and cons of label-free versus label-based monitoring of animal cells in biomedical assays.
Michaela Sperber, Christina Hupf, Michael-M. Lemberger, Barbara Goricnik, Nadja Hinterreiter, Sonja Lukic, Maximilian Oberleitner, Judith A. Stolwijk, Joachim Wegener
Interaction of Nanoparticles with Lipid Monolayers and Lung Surfactant Films
Abstract
It has been shown that the interactions of nanoparticles with lipid and lipid–peptide monolayers mimicking the lung surfactant strongly depend on the physical properties of the nanoparticles, their size, and on the physical properties of the surface film. Hydrophobic nanoparticles have been found inserting into fluid phases of lipid monolayers. They have an adverse effect on the functional properties of the pulmonary surfactant, which strongly depends on the nanoparticle size. But how NPs disturb or inhibit this surfactant function still remains unclear. Experimental evidences gathered under physiologically relevant conditions or from in vivo studies are still lacking. The present review summarizes systematic investigations on simplified model systems of the lung surfactant using high-resolution bioanalytical techniques that have provided valuable hints and indications about the interactions of NPs with the surfactant layer at the molecular level. Further studies are needed in particular for a more detailed understanding of the mechanism by which NPs are capable of crossing the surfactant barrier even though they experience a very different and individual free energy barrier at the interface.
Mridula Dwivedi, Amit Kumar Sachan, Hans-Joachim Galla
Carbon Nanodots: Synthesis, Characterization, and Bioanalytical Applications
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are a new class of carbon-rich nanoparticles with exciting physicochemical properties that make them an interesting material for bioanalytical applications. Since their first description in 2004, several preparation techniques have been developed and described in literature, either starting from carbon raw materials (e.g., soot, graphite) or molecular precursors (e.g., carbohydrates, citric acid). The resulting particles are typically only a few nanometers in size, and their surfaces are decorated with functional groups that are rich in oxygen. The presence of oxygenated functionalities on the surface renders the particles dispersible in water. Carbon dots contain a fraction of carbon atoms that are sp2 hybridized with delocalized electrons on the surface – the basis for the particles’ characteristic photoluminescence. The wavelength of the emitted light is dependent on the wavelength of the excitation source and shows remarkable photostability. Carbon dots are also readily excited in the NIR but still emit visible light (upconverted photoluminescence) which provides significant advantages for in vivo imaging. Nowadays CDs are considered as emerging tools in luminescence-based bioanalytics with their full potential yet to be discovered.
Michael-M. Lemberger, Thomas Hirsch, Joachim Wegener
Nanoparticles in Biomedical Applications
Abstract
Due to readily adaptive sizes, shapes, compositions and large surface area to volume ratios, nanoparticles (NPs) are increasingly prevalent in biomedical applications. In recent times, a plethora of NPs have been investigated specifically regarding how they can be exploited for drug delivery, bioimaging agents and theranostic tools. In this article, lipid-based, inorganic, dendrimeric and polymeric nanoparticles serving these applications are described. The ease of synthesis of these NPs, coupled with an enhanced stability, reduced toxicity and ability to conjugate with diverse molecules (peptides, proteins, antibodies, aptamers) for biocompatibility and biotargeting, indicates that all the key components are being met for their advances towards approved therapies. For their successful applications as drug delivery systems, smart polymeric NPs responding to stimuli such as heat, pH and light to provide controlled release have been introduced. Upconverting nanoparticles and molecularly imprinted polymers, often termed plastic antibodies because of their high affinity and selectivity towards their target molecules, are further discussed as novel bioimaging materials.
Jacqueline Maximilien, Selim Beyazit, Claire Rossi, Karsten Haupt, Bernadette Tse Sum Bui
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Measuring Biological Impacts of Nanomaterials
herausgegeben von
Joachim Wegener
Copyright-Jahr
2016
Electronic ISBN
978-3-319-24823-3
Print ISBN
978-3-319-24821-9
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24823-3

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