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Erschienen in:

2011 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

7. Mechanical Properties

verfasst von : Sheldon M. Wiederhorn, Ph.D., Richard J. Fields, Dr., Samuel Low, Gun-Woong Bahng, Ph.D., Alois Wehrstedt, Junhee Hahn, Yo Tomota, Prof., Takashi Miyata, Dr., Haiqing Lin, Dr., Benny D. Freeman, Shuji Aihara, Dr., Yukito Hagihara, Prof., Tetsuya Tagawa

Erschienen in: Springer Handbook of Metrology and Testing

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

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Abstract

Materials used in engineering applications as structural components are subject to loads, defined by the application purpose. The mechanical properties of materials characterize the response of a material to loading.

The mechanical loading action on materials in engineering applications may be static or dynamic and can basically be categorized as tension, compression, bending, shear, and torsion. In addition, thermomechanical loading effects can occur (Chap. 8). There may also be gas loads from the environment, leading to gas/materials interactions (Chap. 6) and to transport phenomena such as permeation and diffusion.

The mechanical loading action and the corresponding response of materials can be illustrated by the well-known stress–strain curve (for definition see Sect. 7.1.2). Its different regimes and characteristic data points characterize the mechanical behavior of materials treated in this chapter in terms of elasticity (Sect. 7.1), plasticity (Sect. 7.2), hardness (Sect. 7.3), strength (Sect. 7.4), and fracture (Sect. 7.5). Methods for the determination of permeation and diffusion are compiled in Sect. 7.6.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Surface and Interface Characterization

Nächstes Kapitel Thermal Properties

7.1.

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7.2.

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7.3.

A.E.H. Love: A Treatise on the Mathematical Theory of Elasticity (Dover, New York 1944)

7.4.

S.P. Timoshenko, J.N. Goodier: Theory of Elasticity, 3rd edn. (McGraw–Hill, London 1982)

7.5.

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7.6.

R. Hooke: De Potentia Restitutiva (Martyn, London 1678)

7.7.

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7.8.

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7.9.

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7.12.

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7.13.

ASTM E 74: Standard practice of calibration of force-measuring instruments for verifying the force indication of testing machines, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 03.01 (ASTM, West Conshohocken 1995)

7.14.

E4-03: Standard practices for force verification of testing machines, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 03.01 (ASTM, West Conshohocken 1995)

7.15.

ASTM E 111-04: Standard test method for Youngʼs modulus, tangent modulus and chord modulus, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 03.01 (ASTM, West Conshohocken 1995)

7.16.

ASTM E 132-04: Standard test method for Poissonʼs ratio at room temperature, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 03.01 (ASTM, West Conshohocken 1995)

7.17.

ASTM E 143-02: Standard test method for shear modulus at room temperature, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 03.01 (ASTM, West Conshohocken 1995)

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ASTM E 83: Practice for verification and classification of extensometers, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 03.01 (ASTM, West Conshohocken 1995)

7.20.

ASTM D3379-75: Standard test method for tensile strength and Youngʼs modulus for high-modulus single-filament materials, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 15.01 (ASTM, West Conshohocken 2005)

7.21.

ASTM D 638-03: Standard test method for tensile properties of plastics, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 08.01 (ASTM, West Conshohocken 2005)

7.22.

ASTM 882-02: Standard test method for tensile properties of thin plastic sheeting, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 08.01 (ASTM, West Conshohocken 2005)

7.23.

ASTM C 1341-00: Standard test method for flexural properties of continuous fiber-reinforced advanced ceramic composites, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 15.01 (ASTM, West Conshohocken 2005)

7.24.

ASTM C674-88: Standard test methods for flexural properties of ceramic whiteware material, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 15.02 (ASTM, West Conshohocken 2006)

7.25.

STM C 215-02: Standard test method for fundamental transverse, longitudinal, and torsional frequencies of concrete specimen, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 04.02 (ASTM, West Conshohocken 2005)

7.26.

ASTM 623-92: Standard test method for Youngʼs modulus, shear modulus, and Poissonʼs ratio for glass and glass–ceramics by resonance, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 15.02 (ASTM, West Conshohocken 2006)

7.27.

ASTM C 747-93: Test method for moduli of elasticity and fundamental frequencies of carbon and graphite materials by sonic resonance, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 05.01 (ASTM, West Conshohocken 1998)

7.28.

ASTM C 848-88: Test method for Youngʼs modulus, shear modulus, and Poissonʼs ratio for glass and glass–ceramics by resonance, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 15.02 (ASTM, West Conshohocken 2006)

7.29.

ASTM C 885-87: Standard test method for Youngʼs modulus of refractory shapes by sonic resonance, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 15.01 (ASTM, West Conshohocken 2005)

7.30.

ASTM C 1198-01: Standard test method for dynamic Youngʼs modulus, shear modulus, and Poissonʼs ratio for advanced ceramics by sonic resonance, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 15.01 (ASTM, West Conshohocken 2005)

7.31.

ASTM E 1875: Standard test method for dynamic Youngʼs modulus, shear modulus, and Poissonʼs ratio by sonic resonance, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 03.01 (ASTM, West Conshohocken 1995)

7.32.

ASTM E 1876-01: Standard test method for dynamic Youngʼs modulus, shear modulus, and Poissonʼs ratio by impulse excitation of vibration, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 03.01 (ASTM, West Conshohocken 1995)

7.33.

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7.34.

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7.35.

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7.45.

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7.50.

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O. Grassel, L. Krüger, G. Frommeyer, L.W. Meyer: High strength Fe-Mn-(Al,Si) TRIP/TWIP steel development – properties – applications, Int. J. Plast. 16(10), 1391–1409 (2000)CrossRef

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K.H. Roscoe, J.H. Burland: On the generalized stress strain behavior of wet clay. In: Engineering Plasticity, ed. by J. Heyman, F.A. Leckie (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge 1968) pp. 585–609

7.54.

A.H. Cottrell: Dislocations and Plastic Flow in Crystals (Oxford Univ. Press, London 1965)

7.55.

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7.57.

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7.59.

A.S. Khan (Ed.): Dislocations, Plasticity, and Metal Forming: Proc. 10th Int. Symp. Plasticity and Its Current Applications (Neat, Fulton 2003)

7.60.

L.E. Levine, R. Thomson: The statistical origin of bulk mechanical properties and slip behavior of fcc metals, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 400, 202 (2005)CrossRef

7.61.

P.W. Bridgman: Studies in Large Plastic Flow and Fracture (McGraw–Hill, New York 1952)

7.62.

ISO 14577: Metallic Materials – Instrumented Indentation Test for Hardness and Materials Parameters (International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva 2002)

7.63.

ASTM E 8: Standard Test Methods of Tension Testing Metallic Materials (ASTM Int., West Conshohocken 2004)

7.64.

ISO 6892: Metallic Materials – Tensile Testing at Ambient Temperatures (International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva 1998)

7.65.

DIN EN 10002-1: Metallic Materials – Tensile Testing – Part 1: Method of Testing at Ambient Temperature (Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN), Berlin 2001)

7.66.

JIS Z 2241: Method of Tensile Test for Metallic Materials (Japanese Standards Association, Tokyo 1998)

7.67.

BS 18: Methods for Tensile Testing of Metallic Materials (British Standards Institute (BSI), London 1987)

7.68.

ASTM E 8M: Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials (ASTM Int., West Conshohocken 2004)

7.69.

SAE J416: Tensile Test Specimens (Society for Automotive Engineers (SAE International), Warrendale 1999)

7.70.

ASTM A 370: Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products (ASTM Int., West Conshohocken 2005)

7.71.

ASTM B557: Standard Test Methods of Tension Testing Wrought and Cast Aluminum- and Magnesium-Alloy Products (ASTM Int., West Conshohocken 2002)

7.72.

ASTM E 345: Standard Test Methods of Tension Testing of Metallic Foil (ASTM Int., West Conshohocken 2002)

7.73.

ASTM E 646: Standard Test Method for Tensile Strain-Hardening Exponents (n-Values) of Metallic Sheet (ASTM Int., West Conshohocken 2000)

7.74.

ISO 10275: Metallic Materials – Sheet and Strip – Determination of Tensile Strain Hardening Exponent (International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva 1993)

7.75.

NF A03-659: Method of Determination of the Coefficient of Work Hardening N of Sheet Steels (Association Francaise de Normalisation (AFNOR), Saint-Denis La Plaine Cedex 2001)

7.76.

ASTM E 517: Standard Test Method for Plastic Strain Ratio r for Sheet (ASTM Int., West Conshohocken 2000)

7.77.

NF A03-658: Method of Determination of the Plastic Anisotropic Coefficient R of Sheet Steels (Association Francaise de Normalisation (AFNOR), Saint-Denis La Plaine Cedex 2001)

7.78.

SAE J429: Mechanical and Material Requirements for Externally Threaded Fasteners (Society for Automotive Engineers (SAE International), Warrendale 1999)

7.79.

ASTM F 606: Standard Test Methods for Determining the Mechanical Properties of Externally and Internally Threaded Fasteners, Washers, and Rivets (ASTM Int., West Conshohocken 2002)

7.80.

ISO 898: Mechanical Properties of Fasteners (International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva 1999)

7.81.

ASTM D638: Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics (ASTM Int., West Conshohocken 2003)

7.82.

ASTM D882: Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic Sheeting (ASTM Int., West Conshohocken 2002)

7.83.

ASTM D1708: Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics By Use of Microtensile Specimens (ASTM Int., West Conshohocken 2002)

7.84.

ASTM E 4: Standard Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines (ASTM Int., West Conshohocken 2003)

7.85.

ASTM E 83: Standard Practice for Verification and Classification of Extensometers (ASTM Int., West Conshohocken 2002)

7.86.

G.R. Johnson, W.H. Cook: A constitutive model and data for materials subjected to large strains, high strain rates, and high temperatures, Proc. 7th Int. Symp. Ballistics (1983) p. 541

7.87.

S.R. Bodner, Y. Partom: Constitutive equations for elasto-viscoplastic strain-hardening materials, ASME J. Appl. Mech. 42, 385 (1975)CrossRef

7.88.

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7.89.

ASTM E 1450: Standard Test Method for Tensile Testing of Structural Alloys in Liquid Helium (ASTM Int., West Conshohocken 2003)

7.90.

ISO/DIN 19819: Metallic Materials – Tensile Testing in Liquid Helium (International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva 2004)

7.91.

ISO 15579: Metallic Materials – Tensile Testing at Low Temperatures (International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva 2000)

7.92.

ASTM E 21: Elevated Temperature Tension Testing of Metallic Materials (ASTM Int., West Conshohocken 2005)

7.93.

DIN EN 10002-5: Tensile Testing of Metallic Materials, Method of Testing at Elevated Temperature (Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN), Berlin 2001)

7.94.

JIS G 0567: Method of Elevated Temperature Tensile Test for Steels and Heat-Resisting Alloys (Japanese Standards Association, Tokyo 1998)

7.95.

ASTM E 633: Standard Guide for the Use of Thermocouples in Creep and Stress Rupture Testing to 1800 °F 1000 °C (ASTM Int., West Conshohocken 2005)

7.96.

ASTM E 139: Conducting Creep, Creep Rupture, and Stress Rupture Tests of Metallic Materials (ASTM Int., West Conshohocken 2000)

7.97.

ASTM E 328: Stress Relaxation for Materials and Structures (ASTM Int., West Conshohocken 2002)

7.98.

DIN EN 10291: Metallic Materials – Uniaxial Creep Testing in Tension – Method of Test (Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN), Berlin 2005)

7.99.

DIN EN 10319: Metallic Materials – Tensile Stress Relaxation Testing (Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN), Berlin 2005)

7.100.

ISO 204: Metallic Materials – Uninterrupted Uniaxial Creep Testing in Tension – Method of Test (International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva 1997)

7.101.

JIS Z 2271: Method of Creep and Creep Rupture Testing for Metallic Materials (Japanese Standards Association, Tokyo 1999)

7.102.

ASTM C 1337: Standard Test Method for Creep and Creep Rupture of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Ceramic Composites under Tensile Loading at Elevated Temperatures (ASTM Int., West Conshohocken 2005)

7.103.

ASTM C 1291: Standard Test Method for Elevated Temperature Tensile Creep Strain, Creep Strain Rate, and Creep Time-to-Failure for Advanced Monolithic Ceramics (ASTM Int., West Conshohocken 2005)

7.104.

ISO 899-1: Plastics – Determination of Creep Behavior – Part 1. Tensile Creep (International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva 2003)

7.105.

JIS K 7115: Plastics – Determination of Creep Behavior – Part 1. Tensile Creep (Japanese Standards Association, Tokyo 1999)

7.106.

ISO 7500-2: Metallic Materials – Verification of Static Uniaxial Testing Machines – Part 2: Tension Creep Testing Machines – Verification of the Applied Load (International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva 1996)

7.107.

L.M.T. Hopkin: A simple constant stress apparatus for creep testing, Proc. R. Soc. B63, 346–349 (1950)

7.108.

R.B. Grishaber, R.H. Lu, D.M. Farkas, A.K. Mukherjee: A novel computer controlled constant stress lever arm creep testing machine, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 68(7), 2812–2817 (1997)CrossRef

7.109.

A.K. Mukherjee: Deformation mechanisms in superplasticity, Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 9, 191–217 (1979)CrossRef

7.110.

JIS H 7501: Method for Evaluation of Tensile Properties of Metallic Superplastic Materials (Japanese Standards Association, Tokyo 2002)

7.111.

ISO 10113: Metallic Materials - Sheet and Strip - Determination of Plastic Strain Ratio (International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva 1991)

7.112.

ASTM E 9: Standard Test Methods for Compression Testing of Metallic Materials at Room Temperature (ASTM Int., West Conshohocken 2000)

7.113.

ASTM E 209: Standard Practice for Compression Tests of Metallic Materials at Elevated Temperatures with Conventional or Rapid Heating Rates and Strain Rates (ASTM Int., West Conshohocken 2005)

7.114.

DIN 50106: Testing of Metallic Materials – Compression Test (Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN), Berlin 2005)

7.115.

DIN EN 12290: Advanced Technology Ceramics – Mechanical Properties of Ceramic Composites at High Temperature in Air at Atmospheric Pressure – Determination of Compressive Properties (Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN), Berlin 2005)

7.116.

ISO 604: Plastics – Determination of Compressive Properties (International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva 2002)

7.117.

JIS K 7132: Cellular Plastics, Rigid – Determination of Compressive Creep under Specified Load and Temperature Conditions (Japanese Standards Association, Tokyo 1999)

7.118.

JIS K 7135: Cellular Plastics, Rigid – Determination of Compressive Creep (Japanese Standards Association, Tokyo 1999)

7.119.

ASTM B831: Standard Test Method for Shear Testing of Thin Aluminum Alloy Products (ASTM Int., West Conshohocken 2005)

7.120.

ASTM B769: Standard Test Method for Shear Testing of Aluminum Alloys (ASTM Int., West Conshohocken 2000)

7.121.

ASTM B565: Standard Test Method for Shear Testing of Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Rivets and Cold-Heading Wire and Rod (ASTM Int., West Conshohocken 2004)

7.122.

DIN 50141: Testing of Metals: Shear Test (Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN), Berlin 2005)

7.123.

DIN EN 4525: Aerospace Series – Aluminium and Aluminium Alloys – Test Method; Shear Testing (Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN), Berlin 2005)

7.124.

DIN EN 28749: Determination of Shear Strength of Pins (Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN), Berlin 1986)

7.125.

ISO 7961: Aerospace – Bolts – Test Methods (International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva 1994)

7.126.

ISO 84749: Pins and Grooved Pins – Shear Test (International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva 2005)

7.127.

ASTM E 143: Standard Test Method for Shear Modulus at Room Temperature (ASTM Int., West Conshohocken 2002)

7.128.

ASTM A 938: Standard Test Method for Torsion Testing of Wires (ASTM Int., West Conshohocken 2004)

7.129.

ISO 7800: Metallic Materials – Wire – Simple Torsion Test (International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva 2003)

7.130.

ISO 9649: Metallic Materials – Wire – Reverse Torsion Test (International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva 1990)

7.131.

A. Nadai: Theory of Flow and Fracture of Solids, Vol. 1, 2nd edn. (McGraw–Hill, New York 1950) pp. 347–349

7.132.

ASTM F 1622: Standard Test Method for Measuring the Torsional Properties of Metallic Bone Screws (ASTM Int., West Conshohocken 2005)

7.133.

ASTM E 290: Standard Test Method for Bend Testing of Materials for Ductility (ASTM Int., West Conshohocken 2004)

7.134.

ASTM E 190: Standard Test Method for Guided Bend Test for Ductility of Welds (ASTM Int., West Conshohocken 2003)

7.135.

ASTM E 796: Standard Test Method for Ductility Testing of Metallic Foils (ASTM Int., West Conshohocken 2000)

7.136.

ISO 7438: Metallic Materials – Bend Test (International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva 2005)

7.137.

ISO 7799: Metallic Materials – Sheet and Strip 3mm Thick or Less – Reverse Bend Test (International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva 1985)

7.138.

ISO 7801: Metallic Materials – Wire – Reverse Bend Test (International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva 1984)

7.139.

ISO 7802: Metallic Materials – Wire – Wrapping Test (International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva 1983)

7.140.

ISO 8491: Metallic Materials – Tube (in full section) – Bend Test (International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva 1998)

7.141.

DIN V ENV 820-4: Advanced Technical Ceramics – Monolithic Ceramics; Thermo-mechanical Properties – Part 4: Determination of Flexural Creep Deformation at Elevated Temperatures (Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN), Berlin 2005)

7.142.

ISO 899-2: Plastics – Determination of Creep Behaviour – Part 2: Flexural Creep by Three-Point Loading (International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva 2003)

7.143.

JIS K 7116: Plastics – Determination of Creep Behaviour – Part 2: Flexural Creep by Three-Point Loading (Japanese Standards Association, Tokyo 1999)

7.144.

ASTM E 643: Standard Test Method for Ball Punch Deformation of Metallic Sheet Materials (ASTM Int., West Conshohocken 2003)

7.145.

ASTM E 2218: Standard Test Method for Determination of Forming Limit Diagrams (ASTM Int., West Conshohocken 2002)

7.146.

ISO 20482: Metallic Materials – Sheet and Strip – Erichsen Cupping Test (International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva 2003)

7.147.

ISO 12004: Metallic Materials – Guidelines for the Determination of Forming-Limit Diagrams (International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva 1997)

7.148.

ISO 8492: Metallic Materials – Tube – Flattening Test (International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva 1998)

7.149.

ISO 8493: Metallic Materials – Tube – Drift-expanding Test (International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva 1998)

7.150.

ISO 8494: Metallic Materials – Tube – Flanging Test (International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva 1998)

7.151.

ISO 8495: Metallic Materials – Tube – Ring-Expanding Test (International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva 1998)

7.152.

ISO 8496: Metallic Materials – Tube – Ring Tensile Test (International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva 1998)

7.153.

ISO 11531: Metallic Materials – Earing Test (International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva 1994)

7.154.

ISO 15363: Metallic Materials – Tube Ring Hydraulic Pressure Test (International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva 2000)

7.155.

ISO/TS 16630: Metallic Materials – Method of Hole Expanding Test (International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva 2003)

7.156.

JIS H 7702: Method for Springback Evaluation in Stretch Bending of Aluminium Alloy Sheets for Automotive Use (Japanese Standards Association, Tokyo 2003)

7.157.

M.Y. Demeri, M. Lou, M.J. Saran: A Benchmark Test for Springback Simulation in Sheet Metal Forming, SAE Techn. Paper No. 2000-01-2657 (Society Automotive Engineers (SAE Int.), Warrendale 2000)CrossRef

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R.J. Fields, T.J. Foecke, R. deWit, G.E. Hicho, L.E. Levine: Standard Test Methods and Data for Modeling Crashworthiness, NIST Rep. No. NISTIR 6236 (US National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg 1998)

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Titel: Mechanical Properties
verfasst von: Sheldon M. Wiederhorn, Ph.D.
Richard J. Fields, Dr.
Samuel Low
Gun-Woong Bahng, Ph.D.
Alois Wehrstedt
Junhee Hahn
Yo Tomota, Prof.
Takashi Miyata, Dr.
Haiqing Lin, Dr.
Benny D. Freeman
Shuji Aihara, Dr.
Yukito Hagihara, Prof.
Tetsuya Tagawa
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Buch: Springer Handbook of Metrology and Testing
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-16640-2

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-642-16641-9

Copyright-Jahr: 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16641-9_7

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