Methods for Characterizing the Geological Setting

Site investigations and assessment require a thorough understanding of the geology of the site. The following aspects or parts thereof must be taken into account: stratigraphic sequence, thickness and lateral extent of strata and other geological units, lithology, homogeneity and heterogeneity, bedding conditions, tectonic structures, fractures, and impact of weathering. Information about landforms (geomorphology), earthquake risk, activity of faults, land sliding, subsidence and caving to the surface as a result of mining and karst must also be collected. Planning of an investigation must take into account accessibility, whether the surficial rock is unconsolidated or consolidated and the investigation methods must be appropriate for the geological/hydrogeological conditions.