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2018 | Buch

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Metrology in Chemistry

verfasst von: Prof. Dr. Ewa Bulska

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Buchreihe : Lecture Notes in Chemistry

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik"

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Über dieses Buch

In this concise book, the author presents the essentials every chemist needs to know about how to obtain reliable measurement results. Starting with the basics of metrology and the metrological infrastructure, all relevant topics – such as traceability, calibration, chemical reference materials, validation and uncertainty – are covered. In addition, key aspects of laboratory management, including quality management, inter-laboratory comparisons, proficiency testing, and accreditation, are addressed.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Chapter 1. Introduction to Metrology

Abstract

“Count what is countable, measure what is measurable and what is not measurable, make measurable.” Galileo Galilei (1564–1642)

Ewa Bulska

Chapter 2. Metrological Infrastructure

Abstract

Nowadays, it is hard to imagine a modern society functioning without an adequate transport and communication infrastructure, as well as without suppliers of goods and services.

Ewa Bulska

Chapter 3. System of Units

Abstract

Information about the environment is obtained through the measurement of various quantities, for example, physical and chemical. These quantities allow characterization of the properties of objects (samples), phenomena or processes. Such properties can be determined qualitatively and quantitatively.

Ewa Bulska

Chapter 4. Metrological Traceability

Abstract

The measurement is a process in which the unknown quantity is compared with the known quantity, namely with a measurement standard. As discussed in the previous chapters, using the standard of the highest order is not always possible or economically justified. Thus, secondary standards can be used (standards maintained in an accredited calibration laboratory) and compared within the chain of traceability with the standard of the highest order (primary standard).

Ewa Bulska

Chapter 5. Calibration

Abstract

Calibration allows the relationship between the response of detector built-in measurement instrument and the amount/concentration of the measured quantity of any kind to be established.

Ewa Bulska

Chapter 6. Reference Materials in Chemical Measurements

Abstract

Certified reference materials (CRMs) are essential in the measurements of chemical properties. They reflect the content of the analyte in the matrix while retaining all specific interactions in the examined chemical system.

Ewa Bulska

Chapter 7. Validation of the Measurement Procedure

Abstract

The primary objective of chemical measurements is to obtain information about the qualitative and quantitative composition of the object. The paramount requirement is, in this case, the reliability of the information so that the results are suitable for a given purpose of measurement. The results that are not correct (reliable) cause disinformation and consequently may lead to the wrong decisions being made.

Ewa Bulska

Chapter 8. Measurement Uncertainty

Abstract

In a chemical laboratory, tests are often conducted so that the final result is a mean of a number of individual measurements, and the experimentally determined standard deviation is used as a measure for the dispersion of the experimentally obtained data. Thus, the standard deviation determines the precision of the measurements since it shows how close the result was repeated in a given measurement series. It should be noted, however, that the precision of measurements does not indicate the accuracy of the result. It could happen that the mean value from even very precise measurements may differ significantly from the true value or the value recognized as the reference value.

Ewa Bulska

Chapter 9. Managing the Quality Systems

Abstract

The term ‘quality’ has accompanied humankind since the beginning of evolution. Initially, it was a philosophical term, connected to the understanding of the matter surrounding humans. The term ‘quality’ first emerged in Aristotle’s writing as a metaphysical category counterposed to ‘quantity.’ In his consideration on the essence of beings, Aristotle distinguished two components: the form (that is the general properties of things) and matter (the individual properties of a given thing). In the Aristotelean philosophy, ‘quality’ is the term that describes the definiteness of the corporeal substance and is evidenced by a specific assignment of a matter to form. In the philosophy of Rene Descartes, a dualistic understanding of qualities can be found: primary qualities, those that are already in the object; and secondary qualities, those emitted by the object.

Ewa Bulska

Chapter 10. Interlaboratory Comparisons

Abstract

According to the requirement of accreditation, all testing and calibrating laboratories should implement adequate quality control procedures for monitoring the quality of the reporting results. Those can be performed internally by using reference materials or conduct replicate tests with the same or different analytical procedures. Other means may focus on the externally organized interlaboratory comparison (ILC) or proficiency testing (PT), so as to obtain independent evidence regarding the competence of a given laboratory within its scope.

Ewa Bulska

Backmatter

Titel: Metrology in Chemistry
verfasst von: Prof. Dr. Ewa Bulska
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-99206-8
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-99204-4
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99206-8

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