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2013 | Buch

Introduction Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

Mobility-based Time References for Wireless Sensor Networks

verfasst von: Fabio Sebastiano, Lucien J. Breems, Kofi A. A. Makinwa

Verlag: Springer New York

Buchreihe : Analog Circuits and Signal Processing

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik"

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Über dieses Buch

This book describes the use of low-power low-cost and extremely small radios to provide essential time reference for wireless sensor networks. The authors explain how to integrate such radios in a standard CMOS process to reduce both cost and size, while focusing on the challenge of designing a fully integrated time reference for such radios. To enable the integration of the time reference, system techniques are proposed and analyzed, several kinds of integrated time references are reviewed, and mobility-based references are identified as viable candidates to provide the required accuracy at low-power consumption. Practical implementations of a mobility-based oscillator and a temperature sensor are also presented, which demonstrate the required accuracy over a wide temperature range, while drawing 51-uW from a 1.2-V supply in a 65-nm CMOS process.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Introduction
Abstract
In the evening, a man comes back home. As he steps into the house, the lights turn on in the living room. In the kitchen, the sunlight is still strong enough and the lamps stay off. While he is browsing through his mail, the faint click of the windows upstairs is heard. The air in the bedroom has just reached the optimal temperature and it would get too cold now that the sun has set. He moves to the kitchen and reads on the fridge display: the milk inside has gone beyond its expiration date but its organoleptic and nutritional properties are still unaffected. Instead, it is time for the fruit in the bowl on the counter to get replaced, the display shows. At this point, he could recall on the display a variety of data: the temperature and humidity of each room; the pressure of his car’s tyres; the status of the wine ageing in the cellar; whether water or any fertilizer is required in the garden; even the structural integrity of the house itself.
Fabio Sebastiano, Lucien J. Breems, Kofi A. A. Makinwa
Chapter 2. Fully Integrated Radios for Wireless Sensor Networks
Abstract
In the future, technology will be hidden in the environment and invisible to the user but, at the same time, responsive and adaptive to user interaction and environmental variations [1]. For example, smart buildings will become aware of the presence of people and of their needs: thanks to this, temperature and light conditions will be adapted automatically for the best comfort and optimal power consumption. The realization of such a vision requires a technology that can sense, process and respond to external stimuli, both human and environmental, coming from many spots of a large environment, such as a room, a house or a whole building. An answer to such needs may come from Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs. These are networks that consist of a large number of energy-autonomous nodes deployed into the environment to collect physical data. Each node is equipped with sensors, digital and analog processing units and a radio transceiver [2]. Physical parameters, such as temperature, sound, light conditions, etc., are sensed and processed by each node. The resulting information is transmitted from node to node and propagates through the network, until it is collected by a central data sink or used by the network itself in distributed algorithms. Dense networks, composed of hundreds or thousands of devices, are required to accurately monitor an environment. Consequently, each node must be extremely cheap to limit the cost of the network and make this technology economically feasible. Moreover, the nodes must be small enough to be hidden, in order to be invisible to users and not affect the surrounding environment.
Fabio Sebastiano, Lucien J. Breems, Kofi A. A. Makinwa
Chapter 3. Fully Integrated Time References
Abstract
Measuring the time interval between two events requires the choice of a repetitive and regular phenomenon, such as the oscillation of a pendulum, and then counting how many times this phenomenon takes place between the two events. The science of timekeeping has evolved through the centuries by basically adopting more and more precise and reliable periodic phenomena to keep track of time. From the first attempts using evident astronomical events, such as the motion of the sun and the moon, chronometry evolved by employing periodic phenomena in man-made devices, such as sand motion in hourglasses, oscillations in pendulums, balance wheel rotations in mechanical clocks, electromechanical vibrations in quartz crystal oscillators and absorption or emission of radiations in atomic clocks.
Fabio Sebastiano, Lucien J. Breems, Kofi A. A. Makinwa
Chapter 4. A Mobility-Based Time Reference
Abstract
As shown in Chap. 2, Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) nodes must be equipped with fully integrated time references with an accuracy of the order of 1% and a power consumption lower than 100 μW. Recently, much work has been devoted to implementing fully integrated time references in standard microelectronic technologies. As shown in Chap. 3, the inaccuracy of several of them is low enough for WSN applications, but they need either a too high power consumption or a very accurate process characterization, with a consequent limitation of their practical use.
Fabio Sebastiano, Lucien J. Breems, Kofi A. A. Makinwa
Chapter 5. Temperature Compensation
Abstract
In Chap. 4, it has been shown that after a single-point trim at room temperature the output frequency of mobility-based oscillators is characterized by a strong temperature dependence, which is larger then ± 30% over the commercial temperature range from − 40 to + 85 ∘ C. However, if an ideal temperature compensation is applied, their inaccuracy is in the order of 1% over the same temperature range. As has been shown in Chap. 2, such inaccuracy is low enough for a large variety of applications, including Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) nodes. This chapter discusses how to keep such level of inaccuracy when going from an ideal to a practical temperature compensation scheme.
Fabio Sebastiano, Lucien J. Breems, Kofi A. A. Makinwa
Chapter 6. Conclusions
Abstract
This final chapter presents a summary of the main findings of this work and a short overview of the possible applications and research topics originating from this work that could be investigated in the future.
Fabio Sebastiano, Lucien J. Breems, Kofi A. A. Makinwa
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Mobility-based Time References for Wireless Sensor Networks
verfasst von
Fabio Sebastiano
Lucien J. Breems
Kofi A. A. Makinwa
Copyright-Jahr
2013
Verlag
Springer New York
Electronic ISBN
978-1-4614-3483-2
Print ISBN
978-1-4614-3482-5
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3483-2

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