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2017 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

39. Model Systems for Dynamics of π-Conjugated Biomolecules in Excited States

verfasst von : Mario Barbatti, Matthias Ruckenbauer, Jaroslaw J. Szymczak, Bernhard Sellner, Mario Vazdar, Ivana Antol, Mirjana Eckert-Maksić, Hans Lischka

Erschienen in: Handbook of Computational Chemistry

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Mixed-quantum classical dynamics simulations have recently become an important tool for investigations of time-dependent properties of electronically excited molecules, including non-adiabatic effects occurring during internal conversion processes. The high computational costs involved in such simulations have often led to simulation of model compounds instead of the full biochemical system. This chapter reviews recent dynamics results obtained for models of three classes of biologically relevant systems: protonated Schiff base chains as models for the chromophore of rhodopsin proteins; nucleobases and heteroaromatic rings as models for UV-excited nucleic acids; and formamide as a model for photoexcited peptide bonds.

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Zurück zum Zitat Frutos, L. M., Andruniow, T., Santoro, F., Ferre, N., & Olivucci, M. (2007). Tracking the excited-state time evolution of the visual pigment with multiconfigurational quantum chemistry. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104(19), 7764–7769. Frutos, L. M., Andruniow, T., Santoro, F., Ferre, N., & Olivucci, M. (2007). Tracking the excited-state time evolution of the visual pigment with multiconfigurational quantum chemistry. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104(19), 7764–7769.
Zurück zum Zitat Garavelli, M., Celani, P., Bernardi, F., Robb, M. A., & Olivucci, M. (1997). The C5H6NH2+ protonated Shiff base: An ab initio minimal model for retinal photoisomerization. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 119(29), 6891–6901. Garavelli, M., Celani, P., Bernardi, F., Robb, M. A., & Olivucci, M. (1997). The C5H6NH2+ protonated Shiff base: An ab initio minimal model for retinal photoisomerization. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 119(29), 6891–6901.
Zurück zum Zitat Garavelli, M., Bernardi, F., Robb, M. A., & Olivucci, M. (1999a). The short-chain acroleiniminium and pentadieniminium cations: Towards a model for retinal photoisomerization. A CASSCF/PT2 study. Journal of Molecular Structure: THEOCHEM, 463(1–2), 59–64. Garavelli, M., Bernardi, F., Robb, M. A., & Olivucci, M. (1999a). The short-chain acroleiniminium and pentadieniminium cations: Towards a model for retinal photoisomerization. A CASSCF/PT2 study. Journal of Molecular Structure: THEOCHEM, 463(1–2), 59–64.
Zurück zum Zitat Garavelli, M., Negri, F., & Olivucci, M. (1999b). Initial excited-state relaxation of the isolated 11-cis protonated Schiff base of retinal: Evidence for in-plane motion from ab initio quantum chemical simulation of the resonance Raman spectrum. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 121(5), 1023–1029. Garavelli, M., Negri, F., & Olivucci, M. (1999b). Initial excited-state relaxation of the isolated 11-cis protonated Schiff base of retinal: Evidence for in-plane motion from ab initio quantum chemical simulation of the resonance Raman spectrum. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 121(5), 1023–1029.
Zurück zum Zitat Gascon, J. A., & Batista, V. S. (2004). QM/MM study of energy storage and molecular rearrangements due to the primary event in vision. Biophysical Journal, 87(5), 2931–2941. doi:10.1529/biophysj.104.048264. Gascon, J. A., & Batista, V. S. (2004). QM/MM study of energy storage and molecular rearrangements due to the primary event in vision. Biophysical Journal, 87(5), 2931–2941. doi:10.1529/biophysj.104.048264.
Zurück zum Zitat Gingell, J. M., Mason, N. J., Zhao, H., Walker, I. C., & Siggel, M. R. F. (1997). VUV optical-absorption and electron-energy-loss spectroscopy of formamide. Chemical Physics, 220(1–2), 191–205. Gingell, J. M., Mason, N. J., Zhao, H., Walker, I. C., & Siggel, M. R. F. (1997). VUV optical-absorption and electron-energy-loss spectroscopy of formamide. Chemical Physics, 220(1–2), 191–205.
Zurück zum Zitat González-Luque, R., Garavelli, M., Bernardi, F., Merchán, M., Robb, M. A., & Olivucci, M. (2000). Computational evidence in favor of a two-state, two-mode model of the retinal chromophore photoisomerization. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 97(17), 9379–9384. González-Luque, R., Garavelli, M., Bernardi, F., Merchán, M., Robb, M. A., & Olivucci, M. (2000). Computational evidence in favor of a two-state, two-mode model of the retinal chromophore photoisomerization. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 97(17), 9379–9384.
Zurück zum Zitat González-Vázquez, J., & González, L. (2010). A time-dependent picture of the ultrafast deactivation of keto-cytosine including three-state conical intersections. A European Journal of Chemical Physics and Physical Chemistry, 11(17), 3617–3624. González-Vázquez, J., & González, L. (2010). A time-dependent picture of the ultrafast deactivation of keto-cytosine including three-state conical intersections. A European Journal of Chemical Physics and Physical Chemistry, 11(17), 3617–3624.
Zurück zum Zitat Granucci, G., & Persico, M. (2007). Critical appraisal of the fewest switches algorithm for surface hopping. Journal of Chemical Physics, 126(13), 134114–134111. Granucci, G., & Persico, M. (2007). Critical appraisal of the fewest switches algorithm for surface hopping. Journal of Chemical Physics, 126(13), 134114–134111.
Zurück zum Zitat Granucci, G., Persico, M., & Toniolo, A. (2001). Direct semiclassical simulation of photochemical processes with semiempirical wave functions. Journal of Chemical Physics, 114(24), 10608–10615. Granucci, G., Persico, M., & Toniolo, A. (2001). Direct semiclassical simulation of photochemical processes with semiempirical wave functions. Journal of Chemical Physics, 114(24), 10608–10615.
Zurück zum Zitat Grégoire, G., Lucas, B., Barat, M., Fayeton, J. A., Dedonder-Lardeux, C., & Jouvet, C. (2009). UV photoinduced dynamics in protonated aromatic amino acid. European Physical Journal D, 51(1), 109–116. Grégoire, G., Lucas, B., Barat, M., Fayeton, J. A., Dedonder-Lardeux, C., & Jouvet, C. (2009). UV photoinduced dynamics in protonated aromatic amino acid. European Physical Journal D, 51(1), 109–116.
Zurück zum Zitat Grégoire, G., Dedonder-Lardeux, C., Jouvet, C., Desfrançois, C., & Fayeton, J. A. (2007). Ultrafast excited state dynamics in protonated GWG and GYG tripeptides. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 9(1), 78–82. Grégoire, G., Dedonder-Lardeux, C., Jouvet, C., Desfrançois, C., & Fayeton, J. A. (2007). Ultrafast excited state dynamics in protonated GWG and GYG tripeptides. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 9(1), 78–82.
Zurück zum Zitat Grégoire, G., Kang, H., Dedonder-Lardeux, C., Jouvet, C., Desfrançois, C., Onidas, D., Lepere, V., & Fayeton, J. A. (2006). Statistical vs. non-statistical deactivation pathways in the UV photo-fragmentation of protonated tryptophan-leucine dipeptide. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 8(1), 122–128. Grégoire, G., Kang, H., Dedonder-Lardeux, C., Jouvet, C., Desfrançois, C., Onidas, D., Lepere, V., & Fayeton, J. A. (2006). Statistical vs. non-statistical deactivation pathways in the UV photo-fragmentation of protonated tryptophan-leucine dipeptide. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 8(1), 122–128.
Zurück zum Zitat Greenberg, A., Breneman, C. M., & Liebman, J. F. (2002). The amide linkage: Structural significance in chemistry, biochemistry, and materials science. The amide linkage: Selected structural aspects in chemistry, biochemistry, and materials science. New York: Wiley. Greenberg, A., Breneman, C. M., & Liebman, J. F. (2002). The amide linkage: Structural significance in chemistry, biochemistry, and materials science. The amide linkage: Selected structural aspects in chemistry, biochemistry, and materials science. New York: Wiley.
Zurück zum Zitat Gustavsson, T., Sarkar, N., Lazzarotto, E., Markovitsi, D., & Improta, R. (2006). Singlet excited state dynamics of uracil and thymine derivatives: A femtosecond fluorescence upconversion study in acetonitrile. Chemical Physics Letters, 429(4–6), 551–557. doi:10.1016/j.cplett.2006.08.058f. Gustavsson, T., Sarkar, N., Lazzarotto, E., Markovitsi, D., & Improta, R. (2006). Singlet excited state dynamics of uracil and thymine derivatives: A femtosecond fluorescence upconversion study in acetonitrile. Chemical Physics Letters, 429(4–6), 551–557. doi:10.1016/j.cplett.2006.08.058f.
Zurück zum Zitat Hack, M. D., Wensmann, A. M., Truhlar, D. G., Ben-Nun, M., & Martínez, T. J. (2001). Comparison of full multiple spawning, trajectory surface hopping, and converged quantum mechanics for electronically nonadiabatic dynamics. Journal of Chemical Physics, 115(3), 1172–1186. Hack, M. D., Wensmann, A. M., Truhlar, D. G., Ben-Nun, M., & Martínez, T. J. (2001). Comparison of full multiple spawning, trajectory surface hopping, and converged quantum mechanics for electronically nonadiabatic dynamics. Journal of Chemical Physics, 115(3), 1172–1186.
Zurück zum Zitat Hammes-Schiffer, S., & Tully, J. C. (1994). Proton-transfer in solution–Molecular-dynamics with quantum transitions. Journal of Chemical Physics, 101(6), 4657–4667. Hammes-Schiffer, S., & Tully, J. C. (1994). Proton-transfer in solution–Molecular-dynamics with quantum transitions. Journal of Chemical Physics, 101(6), 4657–4667.
Zurück zum Zitat Hayashi, S., Taikhorshid, E., & Schulten, K. (2009). Photochemical reaction dynamics of the primary event of vision studied by means of a hybrid molecular simulation. Biophysical Journal, 96(2), 403–416. doi:10.1016/j.bpj.2008.09.049. Hayashi, S., Taikhorshid, E., & Schulten, K. (2009). Photochemical reaction dynamics of the primary event of vision studied by means of a hybrid molecular simulation. Biophysical Journal, 96(2), 403–416. doi:10.1016/j.bpj.2008.09.049.
Zurück zum Zitat He, Y., Wu, C., & Kong, W. (2003). Decay pathways of thymine and methyl-substituted uracil and thymine in the gas phase. The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A, 107(26), 5145–5148. doi:10.1021/jp034733s. He, Y., Wu, C., & Kong, W. (2003). Decay pathways of thymine and methyl-substituted uracil and thymine in the gas phase. The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A, 107(26), 5145–5148. doi:10.1021/jp034733s.
Zurück zum Zitat Hudock, H. R., & Martinez, T. J. (2008). Excited-state dynamics of cytosine reveal multiple intrinsic subpicosecond pathways. A European Journal of Chemical Physics and Physical Chemistry, 9(17), 2486–2490. doi:10.1002/cphc.200800649. Hudock, H. R., & Martinez, T. J. (2008). Excited-state dynamics of cytosine reveal multiple intrinsic subpicosecond pathways. A European Journal of Chemical Physics and Physical Chemistry, 9(17), 2486–2490. doi:10.1002/cphc.200800649.
Zurück zum Zitat Hudock, H. R., Levine, B. G., Thompson, A. L., Satzger, H., Townsend, D., Gador, N., Ullrich, S., Stolow, A., & Martinez, T. J. (2007). Ab initio molecular dynamics and time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy of electronically excited uracil and thymine. The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A, 111(34), 8500–8508. Hudock, H. R., Levine, B. G., Thompson, A. L., Satzger, H., Townsend, D., Gador, N., Ullrich, S., Stolow, A., & Martinez, T. J. (2007). Ab initio molecular dynamics and time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy of electronically excited uracil and thymine. The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A, 111(34), 8500–8508.
Zurück zum Zitat Improta, R., Barone, V., Lami, A., & Santoro, F. (2009). Quantum dynamics of the ultrafast ππ*/nπ* population transfer in uracil and 5-fluoro-uracil in water and acetonitrile. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 113(43), 14491–14503. Improta, R., Barone, V., Lami, A., & Santoro, F. (2009). Quantum dynamics of the ultrafast ππ*/nπ* population transfer in uracil and 5-fluoro-uracil in water and acetonitrile. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 113(43), 14491–14503.
Zurück zum Zitat Ishida, T., Nanbu, S., & Nakamura, H. (2009). Nonadiabatic ab initio dynamics of two models of schiff base retinal. The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A, 113(16), 4356–4366. doi:10.1021/Jp8110315. Ishida, T., Nanbu, S., & Nakamura, H. (2009). Nonadiabatic ab initio dynamics of two models of schiff base retinal. The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A, 113(16), 4356–4366. doi:10.1021/Jp8110315.
Zurück zum Zitat Jasper, A. W., Stechmann, S. N., & Truhlar, D. G. (2002). Fewest-switches with time uncertainty: A modified trajectory surface-hopping algorithm with better accuracy for classically forbidden electronic transitions. Journal of Chemical Physics, 116(13), 5424–5431. Jasper, A. W., Stechmann, S. N., & Truhlar, D. G. (2002). Fewest-switches with time uncertainty: A modified trajectory surface-hopping algorithm with better accuracy for classically forbidden electronic transitions. Journal of Chemical Physics, 116(13), 5424–5431.
Zurück zum Zitat Jeong, H. M., Young, S. S., Hyun, J. C., & Myung, S. K. (2007). Photodissociation at 193 nm of some singly protonated peptides and proteins with m/z 2000–9000 using a tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometer equipped with a second source for delayed extraction/post-acceleration of product ions. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 21(3), 359–368. Jeong, H. M., Young, S. S., Hyun, J. C., & Myung, S. K. (2007). Photodissociation at 193 nm of some singly protonated peptides and proteins with m/z 2000–9000 using a tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometer equipped with a second source for delayed extraction/post-acceleration of product ions. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 21(3), 359–368.
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Zurück zum Zitat Jones, G. A., Acocella, A., & Zerbetto, F. (2008). On-the-fly, electric-field-driven, coupled electron-nuclear dynamics. The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A, 112(40), 9650–9656. doi:10.1021/Jp805360v. Jones, G. A., Acocella, A., & Zerbetto, F. (2008). On-the-fly, electric-field-driven, coupled electron-nuclear dynamics. The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A, 112(40), 9650–9656. doi:10.1021/Jp805360v.
Zurück zum Zitat Jorgensen, W. L., & McDonald, N. A. (1998). Development of an all-atom force field for heterocycles. Properties of liquid pyridine and diazenes. Journal of Molecular Structure: Theochem, 424(1–2), 145–155. Jorgensen, W. L., & McDonald, N. A. (1998). Development of an all-atom force field for heterocycles. Properties of liquid pyridine and diazenes. Journal of Molecular Structure: Theochem, 424(1–2), 145–155.
Zurück zum Zitat Kang, T. Y., & Kim, H. L. (2006). Photodissociation of formamide at 205 nm: The H atom channels. Chemical Physics Letters, 431(1–3), 24–27. Kang, T. Y., & Kim, H. L. (2006). Photodissociation of formamide at 205 nm: The H atom channels. Chemical Physics Letters, 431(1–3), 24–27.
Zurück zum Zitat Kang, H., Jouvet, C., Dedonder-Lardeux, C., Martrenchard, S., Grégoire, G., Desfrançois, C., Schermann, J. P., Barat, M., & Fayeton, J. A. (2005). Ultrafast deactivation mechanisms of protonated aromatic amino acids following UV excitation. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 7(2), 394–398. Kang, H., Jouvet, C., Dedonder-Lardeux, C., Martrenchard, S., Grégoire, G., Desfrançois, C., Schermann, J. P., Barat, M., & Fayeton, J. A. (2005). Ultrafast deactivation mechanisms of protonated aromatic amino acids following UV excitation. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 7(2), 394–398.
Zurück zum Zitat Kang, H., Dedonder-Lardeux, C., Jouvet, C., Martrenchard, S., Grégoire, G., Desfrançois, C., Schermann, J. P., Barat, M., & Fayeton, J. A. (2004). Photo-induced dissociation of protonated tryptophan TrpH+: A direct states dissociation channel in the excited controls the hydrogen atom loss. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 6(10), 2628–2632. Kang, H., Dedonder-Lardeux, C., Jouvet, C., Martrenchard, S., Grégoire, G., Desfrançois, C., Schermann, J. P., Barat, M., & Fayeton, J. A. (2004). Photo-induced dissociation of protonated tryptophan TrpH+: A direct states dissociation channel in the excited controls the hydrogen atom loss. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 6(10), 2628–2632.
Zurück zum Zitat Kang, H., Lee, K. T., Jung, B., Ko, Y. J., & Kim, S. K. (2002). Intrinsic lifetimes of the excited state of DNA and RNA bases. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 124(44), 12958–12959. Kang, H., Lee, K. T., Jung, B., Ko, Y. J., & Kim, S. K. (2002). Intrinsic lifetimes of the excited state of DNA and RNA bases. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 124(44), 12958–12959.
Zurück zum Zitat Keal, T., Wanko, M., & Thiel, W. (2009). Assessment of semiempirical methods for the photoisomerisation of a protonated Schiff base. Theoretical Chemistry Accounts: Theory, Computation, and Modeling (Theoretica Chimica Acta), 123(1), 145–156. Keal, T., Wanko, M., & Thiel, W. (2009). Assessment of semiempirical methods for the photoisomerisation of a protonated Schiff base. Theoretical Chemistry Accounts: Theory, Computation, and Modeling (Theoretica Chimica Acta), 123(1), 145–156.
Zurück zum Zitat Kochendoerfer, G. G., & Mathies, R. A. (1996). Spontaneous emission study of the femtosecond isomerization dynamics of rhodopsin. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 100(34), 14526–14532. Kochendoerfer, G. G., & Mathies, R. A. (1996). Spontaneous emission study of the femtosecond isomerization dynamics of rhodopsin. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 100(34), 14526–14532.
Zurück zum Zitat Köppel, H., Gromov, E. V., & Trofimov, A. B. (2004). Multi-mode-multi-state quantum dynamics of key five-membered heterocycles: Spectroscopy and ultrafast internal conversion. Chemical Physics, 304(1–2), 35–49. Köppel, H., Gromov, E. V., & Trofimov, A. B. (2004). Multi-mode-multi-state quantum dynamics of key five-membered heterocycles: Spectroscopy and ultrafast internal conversion. Chemical Physics, 304(1–2), 35–49.
Zurück zum Zitat Kukura, P., McCamant, D. W., Yoon, S., Wandschneider, D. B., & Mathies, R. A. (2005). Structural observation of the primary isomerization in vision with femtosecond-stimulated Raman. Science, 310(5750), 1006–1009. Kukura, P., McCamant, D. W., Yoon, S., Wandschneider, D. B., & Mathies, R. A. (2005). Structural observation of the primary isomerization in vision with femtosecond-stimulated Raman. Science, 310(5750), 1006–1009.
Zurück zum Zitat Lan, Z., & Domcke, W. (2008). Role of vibrational energy relaxation in the photoinduced nonadiabatic dynamics of pyrrole at the \( {}^1\uppi {\sigma}^{\ast }-{\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{o}} \) conical intersection. Chemical Physics, 350(1–3), 125–138. Lan, Z., & Domcke, W. (2008). Role of vibrational energy relaxation in the photoinduced nonadiabatic dynamics of pyrrole at the \( {}^1\uppi {\sigma}^{\ast }-{\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{o}} \) conical intersection. Chemical Physics, 350(1–3), 125–138.
Zurück zum Zitat Lan, Z., Fabiano, E., & Thiel, W. (2009). Photoinduced nonadiabatic dynamics of pyrimidine nucleobases: On-the-fly surface-hopping study with semiempirical methods. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 113(11), 3548–3555. doi:10.1021/jp809085h. Lan, Z., Fabiano, E., & Thiel, W. (2009). Photoinduced nonadiabatic dynamics of pyrimidine nucleobases: On-the-fly surface-hopping study with semiempirical methods. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 113(11), 3548–3555. doi:10.1021/jp809085h.
Zurück zum Zitat Langer, H., Doltsinis, N. L., & Marx, D. (2005). Excited-state dynamics and coupled proton–electron transfer of guanine. A European Journal of Chemical Physics and Physical Chemistry, 6(9), 1734–1737. Langer, H., Doltsinis, N. L., & Marx, D. (2005). Excited-state dynamics and coupled proton–electron transfer of guanine. A European Journal of Chemical Physics and Physical Chemistry, 6(9), 1734–1737.
Zurück zum Zitat Lasser, C., & Swart, T. (2008). Single switch surface hopping for a model of pyrazine. Journal of Chemical Physics, 129(3), 034302–034308. Lasser, C., & Swart, T. (2008). Single switch surface hopping for a model of pyrazine. Journal of Chemical Physics, 129(3), 034302–034308.
Zurück zum Zitat Lei, Y., Yuan, S., Dou, Y., Wang, Y., & Wen, Z. (2008). Detailed dynamics of the nonradiative deactivation of adenine: A semiclassical dynamics study. The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A, 112(37), 8497–8504. doi:10.1021/jp802483b. Lei, Y., Yuan, S., Dou, Y., Wang, Y., & Wen, Z. (2008). Detailed dynamics of the nonradiative deactivation of adenine: A semiclassical dynamics study. The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A, 112(37), 8497–8504. doi:10.1021/jp802483b.
Zurück zum Zitat Levine, B. G., Ko, C., Quenneville, J., & Martínez, T. J. (2006). Conical intersections and double excitations in time-dependent density functional theory. Molecular Physics, 104(5–7), 1039–1051. Levine, B. G., Ko, C., Quenneville, J., & Martínez, T. J. (2006). Conical intersections and double excitations in time-dependent density functional theory. Molecular Physics, 104(5–7), 1039–1051.
Zurück zum Zitat Levine, B. G., Coe, J. D., Virshup, A. M., & Martinez, T. J. (2008). Implementation of ab initio multiple spawning in the MOLPRO quantum chemistry package. Chemical Physics, 347(1–3), 3–16. doi:10.1016/j.chemphys.2008.01.014. Levine, B. G., Coe, J. D., Virshup, A. M., & Martinez, T. J. (2008). Implementation of ab initio multiple spawning in the MOLPRO quantum chemistry package. Chemical Physics, 347(1–3), 3–16. doi:10.1016/j.chemphys.2008.01.014.
Zurück zum Zitat Li, X. S., Tully, J. C., Schlegel, H. B., & Frisch, M. J. (2005). Ab initio Ehrenfest dynamics. Journal of Chemical Physics, 123(8), 084106. Li, X. S., Tully, J. C., Schlegel, H. B., & Frisch, M. J. (2005). Ab initio Ehrenfest dynamics. Journal of Chemical Physics, 123(8), 084106.
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Zurück zum Zitat Lischka, H., Shepard, R., Brown, F. B., & Shavitt, I. (1981). New implementation of the graphical unitary-group approach for multi-reference direct configuration-interaction calculations. International Journal of Quantum Chemistry, S.15, 91–100. Lischka, H., Shepard, R., Brown, F. B., & Shavitt, I. (1981). New implementation of the graphical unitary-group approach for multi-reference direct configuration-interaction calculations. International Journal of Quantum Chemistry, S.15, 91–100.
Zurück zum Zitat Lischka, H., Shepard, R., Pitzer, R. M., Shavitt, I., Dallos, M., Müller, T., Szalay, P. G., Seth, M., Kedziora, G. S., Yabushita, S., & Zhang, Z. Y. (2001). High-level multireference methods in the quantum-chemistry program system COLUMBUS: Analytic MR-CISD and MR-AQCC gradients and MR-AQCC-LRT for excited states, GUGA spin-orbit CI and parallel CI density. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 3(5), 664–673. Lischka, H., Shepard, R., Pitzer, R. M., Shavitt, I., Dallos, M., Müller, T., Szalay, P. G., Seth, M., Kedziora, G. S., Yabushita, S., & Zhang, Z. Y. (2001). High-level multireference methods in the quantum-chemistry program system COLUMBUS: Analytic MR-CISD and MR-AQCC gradients and MR-AQCC-LRT for excited states, GUGA spin-orbit CI and parallel CI density. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 3(5), 664–673.
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Metadaten
Titel
Model Systems for Dynamics of π-Conjugated Biomolecules in Excited States
verfasst von
Mario Barbatti
Matthias Ruckenbauer
Jaroslaw J. Szymczak
Bernhard Sellner
Mario Vazdar
Ivana Antol
Mirjana Eckert-Maksić
Hans Lischka
Copyright-Jahr
2017
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27282-5_33