nach oben

Erschienen in:

2016 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

5. Modellierung des Energie- und Stoffaustausches

verfasst von : Thomas Foken

Erschienen in: Angewandte Meteorologie

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Zusammenfassung

Der Begriff der Modellierung ist gerade im angewandten Bereich wenig exakt bestimmt und reicht von der einfachen Regressionsbeziehung bis zu komplizierten numerischen Modellen. In der angewandten Meteorologie (Agrarmeteorologie, Hydrometeorologie) sind einfache analytische Modelle weit verbreitet, wobei der Bestimmung der Verdunstung eine besondere Rolle zukommt. Das vorliegende Kapitel soll verschiedene Arten der Modellierung beginnend von einfachen analytischen Verfahren bis zur Berücksichtigung des bodennahen Energie- und Stofftransportes in numerischen Modellen behandeln und dabei die spezifischen Probleme herausstellen. Ein wesentliches Augenmerk wird auf die Anwendung der Modelle im heterogenen Gelände gelegt, wobei der Problematik der Flächenmittelung ein eigenes Kapitel gewidmet ist.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Vorheriges Kapitel Experimentelle Bestimmung des Energie- und Stoffaustausches

Nächstes Kapitel Messtechnik

Albertson JD, Parlange MB (1999) Natural integration of scalar fluxes from complex terrain. Adv Water Res 23:239–252CrossRef

Allen RG, Pereira LS, Raes D, Smith M (1998) Crop evaporation. FAO irrigation drainage paper 56:XXVI + 300 S

Allen RG, Walter IA, Elliott R, Howell T, Itenfisu D, Jensen M (2005) The ASCE standardized reference evapotranspiration equation. Environmental and Water Resources Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston

Arya SP (2001) Introduction to micrometeorology. Academic Press, San Diego

Avissar R, Pielke RA (1989) A parametrization of heterogeneous land surface for atmospheric numerical models and its impact on regional meteorology. Mon Weather Rev 117:2113–2136CrossRef

Baldocchi D (1988) A multi-layer model for estimating sulfor dioxid deposition to a deciduous oke forest canopy. Atmos Environ 22:869–884CrossRef

Baldocchi D, Hicks BB, Camara P (1987) A canopy stomatal resistance model for gaseous deposition to vegetated surfaces. Atmos Environ 21:91–101CrossRef

Ball JT, Woodrow IE, Berry JA (1987) A model predicting stomatal conductance and its contribution to the control of photosynthesis under different environmental conditions. In: Biggens J (Hrsg) Progress in photosynthesis research, Bd IV. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht, S IV.5.221–IV.5.224

Batchvarova E, Gryning S-E (1991) Applied model for the growth of the daytime mixed layer. Bound-Lay Meteorol 56:261–274CrossRef

Behrens J, Rakowsky N, Hiller W, Handorf D, Läuter M, Päpke J, Dethloff K (2005) Amatos: Parallel adaptive mesh generator for atmospheric and oceanic simulation. Ocean Model 10:171–183CrossRef

Beljaars ACM (1995) The parametrization of surface fluxes in large scale models under free convection. Q J Roy Meteorol Soc 121:255–270CrossRef

Beljaars ACM, Holtslag AAM (1991) Flux parametrization over land surfaces for atmospheric models. J Appl Meteorol 30:327–341CrossRef

Beljaars ACM, Viterbo P (1998) Role of the boundary layer in a numerical weather prediction model. In: Holtslag AAM, Duynkerke PG (Hrsg) Clear and cloudy boundary layers, Bd VNE 48. Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, S 287–304

Best MJ, Beljaars A, Polcher J, Viterbo P (2004) A proposed structure for coupling tiled surfaces with the planetary boundary layer. J Hydrometeorol 5:1271–1278CrossRef

Biermann T, Babel W, Ma W, Chen X, Thiem E, Ma Y, Foken T (2014) Turbulent flux observations and modelling over a shallow lake and a wet grassland in the Nam Co basin, Tibetan Plateau. Theor Appl Climatol 116:301–316CrossRef

Bjutner EK (1974) Teoreticeskij rascet soprotivlenija morskoj poverchnosti (Theoretical calculation of the resistance at the surface of the ocean). In: Dubov AS (Hrsg) Processy perenosa vblizi poverchnosti razdela okean - atmosfera (Exchange processes near the ocean – atmosphere interface). Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, S 66–114

Blackadar AK (1997) Turbulence and diffusion in the atmosphere. Springer, Berlin/HeidelbergCrossRef

Blümel K (1998) Estimation of sensible heat flux from surface temperature wave and one-time-of-day air temperature observations. Bound-Lay Meteorol 86:193–232CrossRef

Blyth EM (1995) Comments on ‘The influence of surface texture on the effective roughness length’ by Schmid HP, Bünzli D (1995, vol 121, pp 1–21). Q J Roy Meteorol Soc. 121:1169–1171

Brötz B, Eigenmann R, Dörnbrack A, Foken T, Wirth V (2014) Early-morning flow transition in a valley in low-mountain terrain. Bound-Lay Meteorol 152:45–63CrossRef

Brutsaert WH (1982) Evaporation into the atmosphere: theory, history and application. D. Reidel, DordrechtCrossRef

Burridge DM, Gadd AJ (1977) The Meteorological Office operational 10-level numerical weather prediction model (Dec 1975). Met Office Techn Notes. 34:39S

Csanady GT (2001) Air-sea interaction, laws and mechanisms. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge/New YorkCrossRef

Davidan IN, Lopatuhin LI, Rogkov VA (1985) Volny v okeane (Waves in the ocean). Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad

Deardorff JW (1972) Numerical investigation of neutral und unstable planetary boundary layer. J Atmos Sci 29:91–115CrossRef

DeBruin HAR (1983) A model for the Priestley-Taylor parameter α. J Clim Appl Meteorol 22:572–578CrossRef

DeBruin HAR, Holtslag AAM (1982) A simple parametrization of the surface fluxes of sensible and latent heat during daytime compared with the Penman-Monteith concept. J Clim Appl Meteorol 21:1610–1621CrossRef

Dommermuth H, Trampf W (1990) Die Verdunstung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Zeitraum 1951–1980, Teil 1. Deutscher Wetterdienst, Offenbach

Doorenbos J, Pruitt WO (1977) Guidelines for predicting crop water requirements. FAO irrigation drainage paper 24, 2. Aufgabe, 145

DVWK (1996) Ermittlung der Verdunstung von Land- und Wasserflächen. DVWK-Merkblätter zur Wasserwirtschaft. 238:134S

Falge EM, Ryel RJ, Alsheimer M, Tenhunen JD (1997) Effects on stand structure and physiology on forest gas exchange: a simulation study for Norway spruce. Trees 11:436–448CrossRef

Farquhar GD, von Caemmerer S, Berry JA (1980) A biochemical of photosynthetic CO₂ assimilation in leaves of C₃ species. Planta 149:78–90CrossRef

Foken T (1978) The molecular temperature boundary layer of the atmosphere over various surfaces. Arch Meteorol Geophys Bioklimatol A 27:59–67CrossRef

Foken T (1979) Vorschlag eines verbesserten Energieaustauschmodells mit Berücksichtigung der molekularen Grenzschicht der Atmosphäre. Z Meteorol 29:32–39

Foken T (1984) The parametrisation of the energy exchange across the air-sea interface. Dyn Atmos Oceans 8:297–305CrossRef

Foken T (1986) An operational model of the energy exchange across the air-sea interface. Z Meteorol 36:354–359

Foken T (1996) Turbulenzexperiment zur Untersuchung stabiler Schichtungen. Ber Polarforschung 188:74–78

Foken T (2002) Some aspects of the viscous sublayer. Meteorol Z 11:267–272CrossRef

Foken T, Leclerc MY (2004) Methods and limitations in validation of footprint models. Agr Forest Meteorol 127:223–234CrossRef

Foken T, Kitajgorodskij SA, Kuznecov OA (1978) On the dynamics of the molecular temperature boundary layer above the sea. Bound-Lay Meteorol 15:289–300CrossRef

Foken T, Dlugi R, Kramm G (1995) On the determination of dry deposition and emission of gaseous compounds at the biosphere-atmosphere interface. Meteorol Z 4:91–118

Friedrich K, Mölders N, Tetzlaff G (2000) On the influence of surface heterogeneity on the Bowen-ratio: a theoretical case study. Theor Appl Climat 65:181–196CrossRef

Garratt JR (1992) The atmospheric boundary layer. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

Geernaert GL (Hrsg.) (1999) Air-sea exchange: physics, chemistry and dynamics. Kluwer, Dordrecht

Göckede M, Foken T (2001) Ein weiterentwickeltes Holtslag-van Ulden-Schema zur Stabilitätsparametrisierung in der Bodenschicht. Österreichische Beiträge zu Meteorologie und Geophysik. 27:(Extended Abstract and pdf-file on CD) 210

Göckede M, Markkaken T, Mauder M, Arnold K, Leps JP, Foken T (2005) Validation of footprint models using natural tracer measurements from a field experiment. Agr Forest Meteorol 135:314–325CrossRef

Grimmond CSB, King TS, Roth M, Oke TR (1998) Aerodynamic roughness of urban areas derived from wind observations. Bound-Lay Meteorol 89:1–24CrossRef

Groß G (1993) Numerical simulation of canopy flows. Springer, Berlin/HeidelbergCrossRef

Gryning S-E, Batchvarova E, Brümmer B, Jørgensen H, Larsen S (2007) On the extension of the wind profile over homogeneous terrain beyond the surface boundary layer. Bound-Lay Meteorol 124:251–268CrossRef

Gusev EM, Nasonova ON (2010) Modelirovanie teplo- i vlagoobmena poverchnosti sushi s atmosferoj (Moelling of the heat and moisture exchange of land surfaces with the atmosphere). Nauka, Moskva

Handorf D, Foken T, Kottmeier C (1999) The stable atmospheric boundary layer over an Antarctic ice sheet. Bound-Lay Meteorol 91:165–186CrossRef

Hasager CB, Jensen NO (1999) Surface-flux aggregation in heterogeneous terrain. Q J Roy Meteorol Soc 125:2075–2102CrossRef

Hasager CB, Nielsen NW, Jensen NO, Boegh E, Christensen JH, Dellwik E, Soegaard H (2003) Effective roughness calculated from satellite-derived land cover maps and hedge-information used in a weather forecasting model. Bound-Lay Meteorol 109:227–254CrossRef

Haude W (1955) Bestimmung der Verdunstung auf möglichst einfache Weise. Mitt Dt Wetterdienst. 11:24

Herzog H-J, Vogel G, Schubert U (2002) LLM – a nonhydrostatic model applied to high-resolving simulation of turbulent fluxes over heterogeneous terrain. Theor Appl Climat 73:67–86CrossRef

Hess GD (2004) The neutral, barotropic planetary layer capped by a low-level inversion. Bound-Lay Meteorol 110:319–355CrossRef

Hicks BB, Baldocchi DD, Meyers TP, Jr Hosker RP, Matt DR (1987) A preliminary multiple resistance routine for deriving dry deposition velocities from measured quantities. Water Air Soil Pollut 36:311–330CrossRef

Hillel D (1980) Applications of soil physics. Academic Press, New York

Högström U (1988) Non-dimensional wind and temperature profiles in the atmospheric surface layer: a re-evaluation. Bound-Lay Meteorol 42:55–78CrossRef

Holtslag AAM, van Ulden AP (1983) A simple scheme for daytime estimates of the surface fluxes from routine weather data. J Clim Appl Meteorol 22:517–529CrossRef

Houghton JT (2015) Global warming, the complete briefing. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

Inclán MG, Forkel R, Dlugi R, Stull RB (1996) Application of transilient turbulent theory to study interactions between the atmospheric boundary layer and forest canopies. Bound-Lay Meteorol 79:315–344CrossRef

Jacobs AFG, Heusinkveld BG, Nieveen JP (1998) Temperature behavior of a natural shallow water body during a summer periode. Theor Appl Climat 59:121–127CrossRef

Jacobson MZ (2005) Fundamentals of atmospheric modelling. Cambridge University Press, CambridgeCrossRef

Jarvis PG (1976) The interpretation of the variations in leaf water potential and stomatal conductance found in canopies in the field. Phil Philos Trans Roy Soc Lond B 273:593–610CrossRef

Kaimal JC, Finnigan JJ (1994) Atmospheric boundary layer flows: Their structure and measurement. Oxford University Press, New York

Kanani-Sühring F, Raasch S (2015) Spatial variability of scalar concentrations and fluxes downstream of a clearing-to-forest transition: a large-eddy simulation study. Bound-Lay Meteorol 155:1–27CrossRef

Kantha LH, Clayson CA (2000) Small scale processes in geophysical fluid flows. Academic Press, San Diego

Kitajgorodskij SA, Volkov JA (1965) O rascete turbulentnych potokov tepla i vlagi v privodnom sloe atmosfery (The calculation of the turbulent fluxes of temperature and humidity in the atmosphere near the water surface) Izv AN SSSR. Fiz Atm Okeana 1:1317–1336

Klaassen W, van Breugel PB, Moors EJ, Nieveen JP (2002) Increased heat fluxes near a forest edge. Theor Appl Climatol 72:231–243CrossRef

Kramm G, Foken T (1998) Uncertainty analysis on the evaporation at the sea surface. Second study conference on BALTEX, Juliusruh, 25–29 May 1998, BALTEX Secretariat, S 113–114

Kramm G, Beier M, Foken T, Müller H, Schröder P, Seiler W (1996a) A SVAT-skime for NO, NO₂, and O₃ – model description and test results. Meteorol Atmos Phys 61:89–106CrossRef

Kramm G, Foken T, Molders N, Muller H, Paw U KT (1996b) The sublayer-Stanton numbers of heat and matter for different types of natural surfaces. Contrib Atmosph Phys 69:417–430

Kramm G, Dlugi R, Mölders N (2002) Sublayer-Stanton numbers of heat and matter for aerodynamically smooth surfaces: basic considerations and evaluations. Meteorol Atmos Phys 79:173–194CrossRef

Landau LD, Lifschitz EM (1991) Lehrbuch der Theoretischen Physik, Bd VI, Hydrodynamik. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin

Letzel MO, Krane M, Raasch S (2008) High resolution urban large-eddy simulation studies from street canyon to neighbourhood scale. Atmos Environ 42:8770–8784CrossRef

Leuning R (1995) A critical appraisal of a combined stomatal-photosynthesis model for C3 plants. Plant Cell Environ 18:339–355CrossRef

Lilly DK (1967) The representation of small-scale turbulence in numerical simulation experiments. In: Goldstein HH (Hrsg) IBM scientific computing symposium on environmental science, Yorktown Heights, 14–16 Nov 1966. IBM form no 320-1951, S 1195–1210

Louis JF (1979) A parametric model of vertical fluxes in the atmosphere. Bound-Lay Meteorol 17:187–202CrossRef

Louis JF, Tiedtke M, Geleyn JF (1982) A short history of the PBL parametrization at ECMWF. Workshop on boundary layer parametrization. ECMWF, Reading, S 59–79

Lüers J, Bareiss J (2010) The effect of misleading surface temperature estimations on the sensible heat fluxes at a high Arctic site – the Arctic turbulence experiment 2006 on Svalbard (ARCTEX-2006). Atmos Chem Phys 10:157–168CrossRef

Mahrt L (1996) The bulk aerodynamic formulation over heterogeneous surfaces. Bound-Lay Meteorol 78:87–119CrossRef

Mallick K, Boegh E, Trebs I, Alfieri JG, Kustas WP, Prueger JH, Niyogi D, Das N, Drewry DT, Hoffmann L, Jarvis AJ (2015) Reintroducing radiometric surface temperature into the Penman-Monteith formulation. Water Resour Res 51:6214–6243

Mangarella PA, Chambers AJ, Street RL, Hsu EY (1972) Laboratory and field interfacial energy and mass flux and prediction equations. J Geophys Res 77:5870–5875CrossRef

Mangarella PA, Chambers AJ, Street RL, Hsu EY (1973) Laboratory studies of evaporation and energy transfer through a wavy air-water interface. J Phys Oceanogr 3:93–101CrossRef

Mengelkamp H-T, Warrach K, Raschke E (1999) SEWAB a parameterization of the surface energy and water balance for atmospheric and hydrologic models. Adv Water Resour 23:165–175CrossRef

Meyers TP, Paw U KT (1987) Modelling the plant canopy microenvironment with higher-order closure principles. Agr Forest Meteorol 41:143–163CrossRef

Meyers TP, Paw U KT (1986) Testing a higher-order closure model for modelling airflow within and above plant canopies. Bound-Lay Meteorol 37:297–311CrossRef

Mix W, Goldberg V, Bernhardt K-H (1994) Numerical experiments with different approaches for boundary layer modelling under large-area forest canopy conditions. Meteorol Z 3:187–192

Moene AF, van Dam JC (2014) Transport in the atmosphere-vegetation-soil continuum. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

Moeng C-H (1998) Large eddy simulation of atmospheric boundary layers. In: Holtslag AAM, Duynkerke PG (Hrsg) Clear and cloudy boundary layers, vol VNE 48. Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Science, Amsterdam, S 67–83

Moeng C-H, Wyngaard JC (1989) Evaluation of turbulent transport and dissipation closure in second-order modelling. J Atmos Sci 46:2311–2330CrossRef

Moeng C-H, Sullivan PP, Stevens B (2004) Large-eddy simulation of cloud-topped mixed layers. In: Fedorovich E et al (Hrsg) Atmospheric turbulence and mesoscale meteorology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, S 95–114CrossRef

Mölders N (2001) Concepts for coupling hydrological and meteorological models. Wiss. Mitt. aus dem Inst. für Meteorol. der Univ. Leipzig und dem Institut für Troposphärenforschung e. V. Leipzig. 22:1–15

Mölders N (2012) Land-use and land-cover changes, impact on climate and air quality. Springer, Dordrecht/Heidelberg/London/New YorkCrossRef

Mölders N, Kramm G (2014) Lectures in meteorology. Springer, Cham/Heidelberg/New York/Dordrecht/LondonCrossRef

Mölders N, Raabe A, Tetzlaff G (1996) A comparison of two strategies on land surface heterogeneity used in a mesoscale ß meteorological model. Tellus 48A:733–749CrossRef

Monson R, Baldocchi D (2014) Terrestrial biosphere-atmosphere fluxes. Cambridge University Press, New YorkCrossRef

Monteith JL (1965) Evaporation and environment. Symp Soc Exp Biol 19:205–234

Montgomery RB (1940) Observations of vertical humidity distribution above the ocean surface and their relation to evaporation. Pap Phys Oceanogr Meteorol 7:1–30

Müller C (1999) Modelling soil-biosphere interaction. CABI Publishing, Wallingford

Ohmura A, Steffen K, Blatter H, Greuell W, Rotach M, Stober M, Konzelmann T, Forrer J, Abe-Ouchi A, Steiger D, Neiderbäumer G (1992) Greenland expedition, progress report no 2, April 1991 to Oktober 1992, Swiss Federal Institute of Techology, Zürich

Owen PR, Thomson WR (1963) Heat transfer across rough surfaces. J Fluid Mech 15:321–334CrossRef

Panin GN (1985) Teplo- i massomen meszdu vodoemom i atmospheroj v estestvennych uslovijach (Heat- and mass exchange between the water and the atmosphere in the nature). Nauka, Moscow

Panin GN, Nasonov AE, Souchintsev MG (1996) Measurements and estimation of energy and mass exchange over a shallow see. In: Donelan M (Hrsg) The air-sea interface. University of Miami, Miami, S 489–494

Panin GN, Tetzlaff G, Raabe A (1998) Inhomogeneity of the land surface and problems in the parameterization of surface fluxes in natural conditions. Theor Appl Climatol 60:163–178CrossRef

Panin GN, Nasonov AE, Foken T, Lohse H (2006) On the parameterization of evaporation and sensible heat exchange for shallow lakes. Theor Appl Climatol 85:123–129CrossRef

Panofsky HA (1973) Tower micrometeorology. In: Haugen DA (Hrsg) Workshop on micrometeorology. American Meteorological Society, Boston, S 151–176

Peña A, Gryning S-E, Hasager C (2010) Comparing mixing-length models of the diabatic wind profile over homogeneous terrain. Theor Appl Climatol 100:325–335CrossRef

Penman HL (1948) Natural evaporation from open water, bare soil and grass. Proc R Soc Lond A193:120–195CrossRef

Priestley CHB, Taylor JR (1972) On the assessment of surface heat flux and evaporation using large-scale parameters. Mon Weather Rev 100:81–92CrossRef

Pyles RD, Weare BC, Paw U KT (2000) The UCD Advanced Canopy-Atmosphere-Soil Algorithm: Comparisons with observations from different climate and vegetation regimes. Q J Roy Meteorol Soc 126:2951–2980CrossRef

Raasch S, Schröter M (2001) PALM – a large-eddy simulation model performing on massively parallel computers. Meteorol Z 10:363–372CrossRef

Reichardt H (1951) Vollständige Darstellung der turbulenten Geschwindigkeitsverteilung in glatten Röhren. Z Angew Math Mech 31:208–219CrossRef

Richter D (1977) Zur einheitlichen Berechnung der Wassertemperatur und der Verdunstung von freien Wasserflächen auf statistischer Grundlage. Abh Meteorol Dienstes DDR 119:35

Rigby JR, Yin J, Albertson J, Porporato A (2015) Approximate analytical solution to diurnal atmospheric boundary-layer growth under well-watered conditions. Bound-Lay Meteorol 156:73–89CrossRef

Roll HU (1948) Wassernahes Windprofil und Wellen auf dem Wattenmeer. Ann Meteorol 1:139–151

Schädler G, Kalthoff N, Fiedler F (1990) Validation of a model for heat, mass and momentum exchange over vegetated surfaces using LOTREX-10E/HIBE88 data. Contrib Atmos Phys 63:85–100

Schlegel F, Stiller J, Bienert A, Maas H-G, Queck R, Bernhofer C (2015) Large-eddy simulation study of the effects on flow of a heterogeneous forest at sub-tree resolution. Bound-Lay Meteorol 154:27–56CrossRef

Schlichting H, Gersten K (2006) Grenzschicht-Theorie. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg

Schmid HP, Bünzli D (1995a) The influence of the surface texture on the effective roughness length. Q J Roy Meteorol Soc 121:1–21CrossRef

Schmid HP, Bünzli D (1995b) Reply to comments by E M Blyth on ‘The influence of surface texture on the effective roughness length’. Q J Roy Meteorol Soc 121:1173–1176

Schmidt H, Schumann U (1989) Coherent structures of the convective boundary layer derived from large eddy simulations. J Fluid Mech 200:511–562CrossRef

Schrödter H (1985) Verdunstung, Anwendungsorientierte Meßverfahren und Bestimmungsmethoden. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg

Schumann U (1989) Large-eddy simulation of turbulent diffusion with chemical reactions in the convective boundary layer. Atmos Environ 23:1713–1727CrossRef

Seibert P, Beyrich F, Gryning S-E, Joffre S, Rasmussen A, Tercier P (2000) Review and intercomparison of operational methods for the determination of the mixing height. Atmos Environ 34:1001–1027CrossRef

Sellers PJ, Dorman JL (1987) Testing the simple biospere model (SiB) for use in general circulation models. J Clim Appl Meteorol 26:622–651CrossRef

Shukauskas A, Schlantschiauskas A (1973) Teploodatscha v turbulentnom potoke shidkosti (Heat exchange in the turbulent fluid). Izd. Mintis, Vil’njus

Smagorinsky J (1963) General circulation experiments with the primitive equations: I. The basic experiment. Mon Weather Rev 91:99–164CrossRef

Smith SD, Fairall CW, Geernaert GL, Hasse L (1996) Air-sea fluxes: 25 years of progress. Bound-Lay Meteorol 78:247–290CrossRef

Sodemann H, Foken T (2004) Empirical evaluation of an extended similarity theory for the stably stratified atmospheric surface layer. Q J Roy Meteorol Soc 130:2665–2671CrossRef

Sponagel H (1980) Zur Bestimmung der realen Evapotranspiration landwirtschaftlicher Kulturpflanzen. Geologisches Jahrbuch F9:87

Staudt K, Serafimovich A, Siebicke L, Pyles RD, Falge E (2011) Vertical structure of evapotranspiration at a forest site (a case study). Agr Forest Meteorol 151:709–729CrossRef

Stull RB (1988) An introduction to boundary layer meteorology. Kluwer, Dordrecht/Boston/LondonCrossRef

Stull R, Santoso E (2000) Convective transport theory and counter-difference fluxes. In: 14th symposium on boundary layer and turbulence, Aspen, 7–11 Aug 2000, American Meteorological Society, Boston, S 112–113

Sverdrup HU (1937/1938) On the evaporation from the ocean. J Marine Res 1:3–14

Taylor PA (1987) Comments and further analysis on the effective roughness length for use in numerical three-dimensional models: A research note. Bound-Lay Meteorol 39:403–418CrossRef

Tennekes H (1973) A model for the dynamics of the inversion above a convective boundary layer. J Atmos Sci 30:558–567CrossRef

Troen I, Lundtang Petersen E (1990) Europðischer Windatlas. Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde

Turc L (1961) Évaluation des besoins en eau d’irrigation évapotranspiration potentielle. Ann Agron 12:13–49

van Bavel CHM (1986) Potential evapotranspiration: The combination concept and its experimental verification. Water Resour Res 2:455–467CrossRef

VDI (2006) Umweltmeteorologie – Meteorologische Messungen – Messstation, VDI 3786, Blatt 13. Beuth Verlag, Berlin

Vilà-Guerau de Arellano J, Van Heerwaarden CC, van Stratum BJH, van den Dries K (2015) Atmospheric boundary layer. Cambridge University Press, CambridgeCrossRef

Vollmer L, van Dooren M, Trabucchi D, Schneemann J, Steinfeld G, Witha B, Trujillo J, Kühn M (2015) First comparison of LES of an offshore wind turbine wake with dual-Doppler lidar measurements in a German offshore wind farm. J Phys Conf Ser 625:012001CrossRef

von Kármán T (1934) Turbulence and skin friction. J Aeronaut Sci 1:1–20CrossRef

Wendling U, Schellin H-G, Thomä M (1991) Bereitstellung von täglichen Informationen zum Wasserhaushalt des Bodens für die Zwecke der agrarmeteorologischen Beratung. Z Meteorol 41:468–475

Yokoyama O, Gamo M, Yamamoto S (1979) The vertical profiles of the turbulent quantities in the atmospheric boundary layer. J Meteor Soc Jpn 57:264–272

Zilitinkevich SS, Calanca P (2000) An extended similarity theory for the stably stratified atmopheric surface layer. Q J Roy Meteorol Soc 126:1913–1923CrossRef

Zilitinkevich SS, Esau IN (2005) Resistance and heat transfer laws for stable and neutral planetary layers: Old theory advanced and re-evaluated. Q J Roy Meteorol Soc 131:1863–1892CrossRef

Zilitinkevich SS, Mironov DV (1996) A multi-limit formulation for the equilibrium depth of a stable stratified atmospheric surface layer. Bound-Lay Meteorol 81:325–351CrossRef

Zilitinkevich SS, Perov VL, King JC (2002) Near-surface turbulent fluxes in stable stratification: Calculation techniques for use in general circulation models. Q J Roy Meteorol Soc 128:1571–1587CrossRef

Titel: Modellierung des Energie- und Stoffaustausches
verfasst von: Thomas Foken
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Buch: Angewandte Meteorologie
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-25524-3

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-642-25525-0

Copyright-Jahr: 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25525-0_5