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2016 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

8. Modelling with Differential Equations

verfasst von : Jukka Tuomela

Erschienen in: Mathematical Modelling

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Apparently the word model does not raise much confidence among general public or journalists. The terms “model” and “modelling” are in fact relatively new, therefore it is perhaps not surprising that their meaning is not very well understood. Of course, scientists have always made models also in the modern sense of the word, but maybe they used some other words like law rather than model. Would the above journalist have written in this case: “Researchers only have various laws”? Anyway, models and modelling have become increasingly popular. On the next few pages, we will consider models which can be expressed with the help of (systems of) differential equations.

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Fußnoten
1
There was some controversy on how much pollution that was generated in the Kola peninsula crossed the border to the Finnish side.
 
2
In quantum mechanics, the term “quantized” is used instead of discrete.
 
3
In differential geometry, a curve is defined as a map, although often the image of this map is also called a curve. Similarly in books on differential equations, orbits are sometimes also called solutions.
 
4
Incidentally, in old literature “to integrate a differential equation” means “to solve a differential equation”. The reason for this is probably that the main technique for obtaining explicit solutions was a separation of variables, which in effect reduces the problem to the computation of certain integrals.
 
5
The set of all solutions is called the general solution.
 
6
Incidentally, these works of Liouville and others became again popular when the era of computer algebra systems dawned. The problem there is to precisely characterize which type of differential equations has solutions in a certain function class and how the solution can actually be computed in practice.
 
7
The minus sign is for historical reasons.
 
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Arnold, V.I.: Ordinary Differential Equations. Universitext. Springer, Berlin (2006) (2nd printing of the 1992 edn.) Arnold, V.I.: Ordinary Differential Equations. Universitext. Springer, Berlin (2006) (2nd printing of the 1992 edn.)
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Arrowsmith, D.K., Place, C.M.: Dynamical Systems. Chapman and Hall Mathematics Series. Chapman & Hall, London (1992) Arrowsmith, D.K., Place, C.M.: Dynamical Systems. Chapman and Hall Mathematics Series. Chapman & Hall, London (1992)
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Coddington, E.A., Levinson, N.: Theory of Ordinary Differential Equations. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York/Toronto/London (1955) Coddington, E.A., Levinson, N.: Theory of Ordinary Differential Equations. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York/Toronto/London (1955)
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Giaquinta, M., Hildebrandt, S.: Calculus of Variations. I (The Lagrangian Formalism). Grundlehren, vol. 310. Springer, Berlin/New York (1996) Giaquinta, M., Hildebrandt, S.: Calculus of Variations. I (The Lagrangian Formalism). Grundlehren, vol. 310. Springer, Berlin/New York (1996)
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Hairer, E., Nørsett, S.P., Wanner, G.: Solving Ordinary Differential Equations. I. Springer Series, Computational Mathematics, vol. 8, 2nd edn. Springer, Berlin/New York (1993) Hairer, E., Nørsett, S.P., Wanner, G.: Solving Ordinary Differential Equations. I. Springer Series, Computational Mathematics, vol. 8, 2nd edn. Springer, Berlin/New York (1993)
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Hairer, E., Wanner, G.: Solving Ordinary Differential Equations. II. Springer Series, Computational Mathematics, vol. 14, 2nd edn. Springer, Berlin (1996) Hairer, E., Wanner, G.: Solving Ordinary Differential Equations. II. Springer Series, Computational Mathematics, vol. 14, 2nd edn. Springer, Berlin (1996)
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Hartman, P.: Ordinary Differential Equations. Classics in Applied Mathematics, vol. 38. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM), Philadelphia (2002) Hartman, P.: Ordinary Differential Equations. Classics in Applied Mathematics, vol. 38. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM), Philadelphia (2002)
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Hirsch, M., Smale, S., Devaney, R.: Differential Equations, Dynamical Systems, and an Introduction to Chaos. Pure and Applied Mathematics (Amsterdam), vol. 60, 2nd edn. Elsevier/Academic, Amsterdam (2004) Hirsch, M., Smale, S., Devaney, R.: Differential Equations, Dynamical Systems, and an Introduction to Chaos. Pure and Applied Mathematics (Amsterdam), vol. 60, 2nd edn. Elsevier/Academic, Amsterdam (2004)
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Hydon, P.: Symmetry Methods for Differential Equations. Cambridge Texts in Applied Mathematics. Cambridge University Press, New York (2000) Hydon, P.: Symmetry Methods for Differential Equations. Cambridge Texts in Applied Mathematics. Cambridge University Press, New York (2000)
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Kamke, E.: Differentialgleichungen I (Gewöhnliche Differentialgleichungen). B. G. Teubner/Neunte Auflage, Stuttgart (1977) Kamke, E.: Differentialgleichungen I (Gewöhnliche Differentialgleichungen). B. G. Teubner/Neunte Auflage, Stuttgart (1977)
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Sontag, E.: Mathematical Control Theory. Texts in Applied Mathematics, vol. 6, 2nd edn. Springer, New York (1998) Sontag, E.: Mathematical Control Theory. Texts in Applied Mathematics, vol. 6, 2nd edn. Springer, New York (1998)
Metadaten
Titel
Modelling with Differential Equations
verfasst von
Jukka Tuomela
Copyright-Jahr
2016
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27836-0_8

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