3. Models for Instantaneous Heat Transfer in Engines and the Manifolds for 1-D Thermodynamic Engine Simulation

The performance of the after-treatment devices depends on their working temperature and in turn on the turbine-out temperature. The target conversion efficiency and regeneration can be achieved by choosing an optimum strategy to increase the temperature at the inlet of the devices, at the same time addressing concerns on the engine fuel consumption. Diameters of exhaust and intake valves, valve timings as well as the use of multi-step openings were studied to predict the temperature at the turbine outlet, coupled to external models for heat transfer and friction losses in steady and transient conditions. The potential of every proposal is deliberated as a function of the engine operating range. The engine layout is guided by the trade-off between the turbine outlet temperature and fuel consumption.