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2014 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Modernisation

verfasst von : Johannes Fiedler

Erschienen in: Urbanisation, unlimited

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

As consumer-driven modernisation proceeds apace, the reform-minded agenda of modernism is being left behind. On the physical level, however, modernist formats proliferate: freeways, compounds and the separation of functions. What we see is modernisation without modernity.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Hegemony

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From the First World War (1914) to the dissolution of the Soviet Union (1991), according to Hobsbawm (1994).

Also designated Taylorism, after the scientific method of production devised by Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856–1915).

Beauregard (1989) defines the mission of modernist planning in the USA as follows: “… to (a) bring reason and democracy to bear on capitalist urbanisation, (b) guide state decision-making with technical rather than political rationality, (c) produce a coordinated and functional urban form organised around collective goals, and (d) use economic growth to create a middle-class society.”

Jacobs (1961).

Mitscherlich (1965).

Meadows et al. (1972).

Fukuyama (1992).

Popper (1945) in his Plato Attacks says: “This dream of unity and beauty and perfection, this aestheticism and holism and collectivism, is the product as well as the symptom of the lost group spirit of tribalism.” According to this interpretation of Plato, modernism is a Platonian agenda – promoting an ideal static order rather than open-ended social development – as was supported by Socrates. In today’s terms, this dichotomy would be described as “positivist” (Plato) versus “critical” (Socrates).

“One thing that we will never know is what we will know tomorrow – otherwise we would already know it today” (Popper 1957).

Popper (1945), in the introduction to the idea of the open society, describes the process of transformation that beset ancient Athens when society moved from tribalism to a society of craftspeople and merchants, a process triggered by the growth of the urban population and the subsequent creation of “daughter cities” (colonies) around the Mediterranean. This process had similar effects on the traditional ways of regulating social life (such as in castes) to those globalisation has today on nation states.

Popper (1945): “We can never return to the alleged innocence and beauty of the closed society. Our dream of heaven cannot be realised on earth.” And in another instance, (Vol. 2, Chapter 24), he would add: “… the attempt to make heaven on earth invariably produces hell.”

Tafuri (1976) on the Plan Obus of Corbusier: “Absorb multiplicity, reconcile the improbable through the certainty of the plan, offset organic and inorganic qualities by accentuating their interrelationship, demonstrate that the maximum level of programming of productivity coincides with the maximum level of productivity of the spirit…” Even as a Marxist theorist, he admitted that “… one cannot ‘anticipate’ a class architecture (an architecture for a ‘liberated society’)…” (Tafuri 1980), cited in Kaminer (2013).

Lerup (2000) describes the shift which occurred in the early 1960s “… when pedestrians psychologically became drivers”. This shift can now be observed in developing countries. Even though the majority of the population cannot afford to drive, people support car-friendly policies, as they aspire to be driving as soon as possible.

Non-places; see Augé (1995).

Florida (2002).

Jacobs (1961) has not projected any future city model, but by describing the workings of an existing environment (in fact, no more than a few blocks in Manhattan) and by criticising developments elsewhere, she has effectively defined “the good city”.

Alexander Mitscherlich (1965) manages to praise premodernist cities, calls for the reintroduction of scale and at the same time calls for the dissolution of private property.

Hoffmann-Axthelm (1990): “Once, the abolition of private land ownership promised to bring about paradise. However, as we have discovered, apart from GDR* housing, Neue Heimat and the other public housing institutions, nobody should dare come up with such ideas – at least as long as capitalism has not been overcome. It means, whether in the GDR or in the Federal Republic – the unconditional rule of the building industry” (translation by the author). *German Democratic Republic – the Communist German State before reunification in 1991.

Not to be confused with postmodernist, an attribute which designates a broader discourse in philosophy and in the arts.

Gossaye (2008).

UN-HABITAT (2010).

Augé M (1995) Non-places: introduction to an anthropology of supermodernity. Verso, London/New York

Beauregard RA (2008) Between modernity and postmodernity: the ambiguous position of US planning. In: Hillier J, Healey P (eds) Political economy, diversity and pragmatism, vol II, Critical essays on planning theory. Ashgate Publishing Limited, Aldershot

Florida R (2002) The rise of the creative class. Perseus Book Group, New York

Fukuyama F (1992) The end of history and the last man. Free Press, New York

Gossaye A (2008) Inner-city renewal in Addis Ababa. VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, Saarbrücken

Hobsbawm E (1994) The age of extremes: the short twentieth century, 1914–1991. Penguin, London

Hoffmann-Axthelm D (1990) Warum Stadtplanung in Parzellen vor sich gehen muss; in: Bauwelt 48

Jacobs J (1961) The death and life of great American cities. Random House, New York. Re-edited 1993

Kaminer T (2013) In the search of efficacy. In: Jeinic A, Wagner A (eds) Is there (anti-) neoliberal architecture? Jovis, Berlin

Lerup L (2000) After the city. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA

Meadows DH, Meadows DL, Randers J, Behrens WW (1972) The limits to growth: a report for the Club of Rome’s project on the predicament of mankind. Edition Pan, London, 1978

Mitscherlich A (1965) Die Unwirtlichkeit unserer Städte – Anstiftung zum Unfrieden. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt/Main

Popper K (1945) The open society and its enemies. Re-edited: Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 2003

Popper K (1957) The poverty of historicism. Re-edited: Routledge, London, 2002

Tafuri M (1976) Architecture and utopia: design and capitalist development. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA

Tafuri M (1980) Theories and histories of architecture. Harper & Row, New York

UN-HABITAT (2010) The Ethiopia case of condominium housing: the integrated housing development programme. United Nations Human Settlements Programme, Nairobi

Titel: Modernisation
verfasst von: Johannes Fiedler
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Urbanisation, unlimited
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-03586-4

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-03587-1

Copyright-Jahr: 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03587-1_8

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