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2021 | Buch

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Molecular Mixed Crystals

herausgegeben von: Prof. Dr. Miquel Àngel Cuevas-Diarte, Prof. Dr. Harry A. J. Oonk

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Buchreihe : Physical Chemistry in Action

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik"

Inhaltsverzeichnis
insite
SUCHEN

Über dieses Buch

Dieses Buch konzentriert sich auf Mischkristalle, die von molekularen Substanzen gebildet werden. Der Schwerpunkt liegt auf der Aufklärung der strukturellen und thermodynamischen Eigenschaften von Zweikomponentensystemen. Dank der Tatsache, dass sich die Forschungsbemühungen auf eine Reihe von chemisch kohärenten Substanzfamilien und nicht auf eine Ansammlung isolierter Systeme konzentriert haben, hat sich das Wissen über Mischkristalle erheblich vergrößert. Dies spiegelt sich in der Entdeckung mehrerer empirischer Beziehungen zwischen thermodynamischen Eigenschaften, kristallographischen Eigenschaften und auch zwischen thermodynamischen Mischeigenschaften und exothermodynamischen Parametern wider, wie etwa der strukturellen Diskrepanz zwischen den Komponenten der binären Systeme. Dieses Buch ist ein Maßstab für Materialwissenschaftler und ein einzigartiger Ausgangspunkt für jeden, der sich für Mischkristalle interessiert.
Mit KI übersetzt

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Introductory Part

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Introduction
Abstract
This chapter is an introduction to the book Molecular Mixed Crystals – a monograph on mixed crystals, and on a limited extent on stoichiometric compounds, formed between molecular substances. The emphasis is on the structural and thermophysical properties of binary systems. Summaries of the chapters are presented, and a view is given of the REALM – the network in which the authors of the chapters have joined their forces.
M. À. Cuevas-Diarte, H. A. J. Oonk
Chapter 2. Molecular Homeomorphism and Crystalline Isomorphism
Abstract
In order to form mixed crystals of the substitutional type between two substances A and B, the component molecules A and B must be similar in size and shape. The measure of similarity is expressed by the coefficient of molecular homeomorphism. In order to form a continuous series of mixed crystals, the component substances must be isomorphous. The chapter starts with an historical overview and ends with a precise statement of the conditions for isomorphism.
Y. Haget, N. B. Chanh, H. A. J. Oonk, M. À. Cuevas-Diarte
Chapter 3. Thermodynamics
Abstract
Much of the research, detailed in the chapters ahead, has been carried out on binary systems under isobaric conditions. The investigations have revealed that the thermodynamic mixing properties of the mixed crystalline state comply with a relatively simple thermodynamic model—with three system-dependent parameters. In the text, the model is detailed, and a demonstration is given of its power, which, at the same time, is surprising and outstanding.
H. A. J. Oonk, T. Calvet, M. H. G. Jacobs
Chapter 4. Polymorphism
Abstract
Molecular substances, as a rule, manifest themselves in more than one crystalline form. And it may happen that two members of a given family, under given conditions of temperature and pressure, do not adopt the same form. Polymorphism, for that matter, is a fascinating and at the same time complicated phenomenon. For the treatment of polymorphism of a given substance, it is a sine qua non to take into account the influences of temperature and pressure. The chapter starts with an historical overview.
I. B. Rietveld, R. Céolin, J. Ll. Tamarit

Facts and Features

Frontmatter
Chapter 5. Aromatics
Abstract
A start is made with the family of the para-dihalobenzenes, including the key system p-dichlorobenzene + p-dibromobenzene. Special attention is given to the melting behaviour of mixed materials prepared by zone levelling. The family of the dihalobenzenes is followed by the group of the 2-R-substituted naphthalenes which includes naphthalene itself (R = H), and the substances with R = F, Cl, Br, SH, CH3, and OH. It appears that the naphthalene group falls apart into two structural subfamilies. Furthermore, evidence is given of an extra attractive effect between substituted methyl and substituted halogen. In addition, a number of stand-alone systems are discussed, on the basis of which afore-mentioned phenomena are further illustrated. One of these systems is trans-azobenzene + trans-stilbene for which the outcome of lattice energy calculations is also presented.
P. R. van der Linde, H. A. J. Oonk
Chapter 6. Chains
Abstract
Starting from a simple aliphatic hydrocarbon chain, we have studied the effect on structural properties caused by the incorporation of an increasing number of hydrogen bonds. In reality, this means that we have studied the structural characteristics—including polymorphism—and the phase behavior of binary mixtures in the following groups of substances: the n-alkanes; the 1-alkanols; the α, ω-alkanediols; the alkanoic acids; and the alkanedioic acids. The results that have been obtained clearly show that two “parameters” have a crucial influence on the structural and thermodynamic properties. These are (i) the parity (odd versus even) of the carbon chain; and (ii) the aim at realizing as many hydrogen bonds as possible.
D. Mondieig, E. Moreno-Calvo, M. À. Cuevas-Diarte
Chapter 7. Plastic Crystals
Abstract
This chapter describes binary systems that involve components with at least one orientationally disordered (plastic-crystalline) phase. Ordered and disordered molecular alloys are described for two families that differ from one another as regards their molecular interactions (hydrogen bonds versus van der Waals). What makes this chapter different is the relationship between stable and/or metastable polymorphs and the pressure–temperature phase diagram for pure components.
J. Ll. Tamarit, M. Barrio, L. C. Pardo, Ph. Negrier
Chapter 8. Liquid Crystals
Abstract
The tricritical and the re-entrant nematic behaviour are two of the most relevant features of the Smectic A (SmA)-to-Nematic (N) phase transition in binary mixtures of liquid crystals. Both of these concepts are studied from a theoretical and an experimental point of view for some two-component systems whose members are calamitic liquid crystals belonging to the alkylcyanobiphenyl (nCB) or alkoxycyanobiphenyl (nOCB) series, n being the number of the carbon atoms in the alkyl or alkoxy chain, respectively.
J. Salud, D. O. López
Chapter 9. Enantiomers
Abstract
Only in exceptional cases, a pair of enantiomers do form a series of mixed crystals. The most well-known of the exceptions is the system laevorotatory carvoxime+dextrorotatory carvoxime; its properties are discussed in some detail. Also, attention is given to recent work on the polymorphism of optically active drugs.
H. A. J. Oonk, I. B. Rietveld
Chapter 10. Complexes
Abstract
In certain cases, two molecular substances A and B, having a high degree of molecular homeomorphism, give rise to the formation of a complex AB, rather than producing a series of mixed crystals. We demonstrate that complexes are formed when short-range van der Waals forces are overruled by long-range coulomb forces or by hydrogen bonds. Two groups of binary systems have been studied: (i) the group of benzene and benzene derivatives, and (ii) the group of naphthalene and naphthalene derivatives.
A. Marbeuf, D. Mikaïlitchenko
Chapter 11. Triacylglycerols
Abstract
Triacylglycerols (TAGs), the main components of edible fats and oils, are widely employed in cosmetics and pharmaceutical formulations. This type of lipids exhibits a complex pattern of polymorphism, which determines the physicochemical properties of end products. In this chapter, an account is given of their polymorphic crystallization and transformation behaviour—and so from pure TAG components to more complex lipid systems. Special attention is given to the effects caused by the application of dynamic thermal treatment. These effects are the key to the design of end products that have the physical properties required for them.
L. Bayés-García, M. À. Cuevas-Diarte, T. Calvet

Applications

Frontmatter
Chapter 12. Phase Change Materials
Abstract
Apart from a purely scientific interest in molecular mixed crystals, the REALM continuously has been interested in finding applications—especially in the field of phase change materials for thermal protection and thermal energy storage. The key parameters are the heat of melting of the material and the thermal window, which is the temperature range in which the change from solid to liquid takes place. Applications are possible in the range of temperature from −50 °C to +200 °C. The composition of the material is one of the parameters that can be used to tune the thermal window to the required temperature.
M. À. Cuevas-Diarte, D. Mondieig
Chapter 13. Crystallization
Abstract
The crystallization of mixed crystals from a liquid mixture of the components is a complex event. Mass-transport- and heat-transport limitations prevent the crystallizing system from adopting through and through thermodynamic equilibrium: Equilibrium phase diagrams are making place for kinetic phase diagrams. The theoretical background of non-equilibrium crystallization is the main subject of the chapter.
H. P. C. Schaftenaar, M. Matović, J. H. Los
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Molecular Mixed Crystals
herausgegeben von
Prof. Dr. Miquel Àngel Cuevas-Diarte
Prof. Dr. Harry A. J. Oonk
Copyright-Jahr
2021
Electronic ISBN
978-3-030-68727-4
Print ISBN
978-3-030-68726-7
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68727-4

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