Sie können Operatoren mit Ihrer Suchanfrage kombinieren, um diese noch präziser einzugrenzen. Klicken Sie auf den Suchoperator, um eine Erklärung seiner Funktionsweise anzuzeigen.
Findet Dokumente, in denen beide Begriffe in beliebiger Reihenfolge innerhalb von maximal n Worten zueinander stehen. Empfehlung: Wählen Sie zwischen 15 und 30 als maximale Wortanzahl (z.B. NEAR(hybrid, antrieb, 20)).
Findet Dokumente, in denen der Begriff in Wortvarianten vorkommt, wobei diese VOR, HINTER oder VOR und HINTER dem Suchbegriff anschließen können (z.B., leichtbau*, *leichtbau, *leichtbau*).
Das NAITEC Urban Lab in Pamplona, Spanien, dient als Benchmark-Umgebung für die Entwicklung, Erprobung und den Einsatz vernetzter und automatisierter Mobilitätstechnologien (CCAM). Dieser 2,3 km lange Stadtkurs integriert fortschrittliche Sensorsysteme, einschließlich Glasfasersensoren, Verkehrskameras, Radar, LiDAR und Schadstoffsensoren, um Fahrzeugdurchfahrt, Geschwindigkeit und Umweltauswirkungen zu messen. Das Labor verfügt außerdem über V2X-Kommunikationstechnologien, die eine Interaktion zwischen Fahrzeug und Infrastruktur für intelligente Mobilitätslösungen ermöglichen. Zu den wichtigsten Anwendungsbeispielen gehören Verkehrsmanagement, Tests für autonome Fahrzeuge und V2X-Kommunikationstests. Die auf FIWARE basierende Datenplattform des Labors zentralisiert alle generierten Daten und ermöglicht Echtzeitanwendungen und Smart-City-Entwicklungen. Zukünftige Arbeiten umfassen Dateninteroperabilität, Standardisierung und soziologische Studien über die Akzeptanz autonomer Lieferfahrzeuge auf der letzten Meile.
KI-Generiert
Diese Zusammenfassung des Fachinhalts wurde mit Hilfe von KI generiert.
Abstract
The objective of NAITEC URBAN LAB is the creation of a reference environment that allows the design, testing, and deployment of the different technologies and functionalities associated with the connected, cooperative, and autonomous vehicle (CCAM). The urban test bed is in Pamplona, Navarre, Spain. It is a circuit in the heart of the city, next to a university campus. In addition to being a real environment in the urban area, it presents some very interesting characteristics in terms of mobility scenarios, having a university, a football stadium, and a music hall in its surroundings. The urban test bed has different sensor systems. It has a network of fibre optic sensors; traffic cameras; a LiDAR for the detection of vehicles and pedestrians; and a network of pollution sensors. It also presents a V2X communications equipment, both in infrastructure and in vehicles. The collected traffic data will be used for the creation and validation of traffic models.
1 Introduction
1.1 Objectives
The aim of this project is to establish a benchmark environment that enables the design, testing, and deployment of various technologies and functionalities associated with CCAM, and traffic management.
1.2 Description
Situated in Pamplona, Navarre, Spain, the NAITEC urban test bed encompasses a 2.3 km circuit located in the heart of the city. Serving as a real-world urban environment, our test bed showcases compelling mobility scenarios, including the Public University of Navarra campus, the surroundings of Sadar Football Stadium, and the Palace of Navarra Arena (a congress and music hall). Through a collaboration agreement with the Pamplona City Council, responsible for traffic control on the circuit roads, the test bed can be utilized for designed tests, including the closure of traffic if necessary.
Implementation of technologies associated with smart and connected road infrastructures.
Addressing the requirements of Smart Cities.
Development of information management systems for roads and environments.
2 Technical Specifications
2.1 Traffic Measurement Infrastructures
The urban test bed incorporates various sensor systems. Firstly, it comprises a network of fibre optic sensors strategically positioned along the circuit to measure vehicle passage, including their direction and speed. These sensors are installed a few centimetres above the track surface at different locations. Additionally, traffic cameras are installed at specific points on the circuit, mounted on poles along the road median to ensure optimal detection.
Furthermore, the infrastructure is equipped with the following sensors: Radar technology to measure the speed of vehicles passing through the four lanes; LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) for the detection of vehicles and pedestrians; and an integrated network of pollution sensors consisting of pollutant measurement stations. Each station can measure NO (nitric oxide), NO2 (nitrogen dioxide), PM (particulate matter) in various sizes (PM1, PM2.5, PM4, and PM10), as well as noise levels.
2.2 Communications Infrastructures
Concerning communications infrastructure, the installation of V2X communications equipment has been implemented in both the infrastructure and vehicles. This includes OBU-V2X units (On Board Unit), RSU-V2X units (Road Side Unit), and V2X traffic lights. V2X communications play a crucial role in advancing the concept of smart mobility, enabling vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications collectively known as vehicle-to-everything (V2X). These wireless technologies facilitate information exchange between vehicles and their surroundings, enabling the development of use cases such as intelligent traffic lights, protection of vulnerable road users, and optimization of route speed.
Anzeige
2.3 Data Platform
All data generated within the circuit is centralized in an open data platform based on FIWARE. FIWARE is an EU-promoted open-source project that enables the development of real-time cloud-based applications. While it is a versatile platform, it is extensively utilized in the realm of Smart Cities. The platform is continuously evolving and currently possesses the capability to visualize some of the systems.
3 Use Cases
3.1 Traffic Management
The collected traffic data serves a crucial purpose in validating traffic models, which yield fascinating outcomes. These models enable the prediction of traffic evolution by leveraging measurements obtained through circuit sensing. Additionally, they facilitate evaluating the potential effects that can be introduced prior to execution. Thanks to the traffic sensors installed in a distributed manner throughout the circuit, a virtual model of the area is available, which can be used for various studies. Furthermore, this model is scalable to any part of the city. For example, studies can be conducted to analyze the impact of including a new bike lane that requires removing one of the four available lanes. Once the simulation is validated, traffic studies in the area begin. Simulation allows obtaining objective results regarding the traffic conditions in the area. This type of model enables the execution of a multitude of studies, including:
Low Emission Zone Studies.
Congestion Zone Strategy Studies.
Public Transport Planning.
Studies on the combined behaviour of autonomous and manned vehicles.
The urban circuit has been used to validate autonomous navigation applications with different vehicles. In these tests, the circulation of other vehicles on urban circuit has been limited, thanks to the existing collaboration agreement between NAITEC and the Pamplona City Council. Two in which vehicles move through waypoints established with centimeter precision are to be highlighted. In the first use case, telemetry and navigation electronics are integrated on a vehicle to be able to circulate along the urban circuit autonomously. In this case, a high-precision RTK GPS system is integrated allowing precise positioning and navigation following the defined waypoints. Additionally, a radar sensor is integrated to detect the presence of obstacles in front of the vehicle. The information from the sensor is sent to the navigation system to be able to make a safety stop. In the second case, a robotic platform is used for autonomous navigation in the circuit. The navigation application is developed on a ROS software architecture. One of the most important aspects is the use of SLAM (Simultaneous Localization And Mapping) algorithms using the point cloud provided by a Lidar sensor installed in the vehicle itself. These algorithms make it possible to generate a map of the environment in which the vehicle moves and, in addition, to locate the vehicle on the same map and circulate on the road with precision.
Fig. 3.
Images of tests carried out on the urban circuit with different autonomous vehicles.
Using the urban circuit as a testing ground several use cases have been developed in which V2X communications play a fundamental role for intelligent traffic management and improved safety. For instance, a RGB camera with a pedestrian detector is installed on board of a test vehicle. The pedestrian detector is built using a deep neural network. This deep neural network is capable of measuring distances between objects detected in scena. When the distance measured is less than safety distance, the pedestrian detector asks the On Board Unit V2X interface to send an alarm to the RSU. The event is showed on RSU Web interface. To accelerate the necessary calculations in the deep neural network, a USB Coral accelerator is used. From here, the RSU can send a broadcast message to other OBU devices installed in other vehicles to notify them of this event and be warned of the situation.
4 Conclusions and Future Work
Nowadays, the circulation of autonomous vehicles in urban areas is mostly prohibited in Europe, which poses challenges in conducting tests in real-life scenarios that simulate everyday situations. The existence of NAITEC’s circuit facilitates the acceleration of CCAM development by providing a controlled testing infrastructure.
NAITEC continues working on technologies related to cooperative, connected, and automated mobility. On the one hand, collecting data from the systems installed in the urban circuit, including high-traffic events. Data inter-operatibiltiy and standardization will be a key issue, with the objective of data globalitation. On the other hand, working with technologies and platforms that allow the generated data to be grouped and put vehicles in communication with the infrastructure and vehicles among themselves, communicating and coordinating air and land vehicles. Finally, a sociological study is proposed to evaluate the acceptance of autonomous last-mile delivery vehicles in the population, in collaboration with other European partners.
Acknowledgements
NAITEC, Fundación I+D Automoción y Mecatrónica, acknowledges the receipt of 100% co-financed aid with REACT EU resources through the FEDER 2014–2020 operating program of Navarra. This support was provided under Specific Objective 4, “Support for investments that contribute to the transition towards a green economy”, as part of the Union's response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this chapter are included in the chapter's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the chapter's Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
