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2019 | Buch

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Nanotechnology: Applications in Energy, Drug and Food

herausgegeben von: Shafiquzzaman Siddiquee, Gan Jet Hong Melvin, Md. Mizanur Rahman

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik"

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Über dieses Buch

Applications of nanotechnology are the remarkable sizes dependent on physiochemical properties of nanomaterials that have led to the developed protocols for synthesizing nanomaterials over a range of size, shapes and chemical compositions. Nanomaterials are normally powders composed of nanoparticles which exhibit properties that are different from powders. Nanotechnology is the engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale with their wide applications in energy sector, including -but not limited to- energy resources, energy conversion, energy storage, and energy usage; drug delivery systems including- safety concerns, perspective, challenges, target therapeutics for cancer, neurodegenerative diseases and other human diseases, nanomaterials based tissue engineering; and food sectors including to- food safety and quality, opportunities, challenges, nanomaterials based enhancing food packing, and determination of foodborne pathogens, agro and marine food, analysis of market, regulations and future prospects.

The utilization of nanotechnology in the energy field will be emphasized and highlighted, in accordance to their prominent and high impact in this particular field. Recent trends and significant benefits of nanotechnology in the energy field will be revealed to the readers, and their promising advanced applications will be discussed.

The current drug discovery paradigm constantly needs to improve, enhance efficiency and reduce time to the market on the basis of designing new drug discovery, drug delivery and pharmaceutical manufacturing. In this book will be highlighted nanotechnology based drug delivery is an important aspect of medicine, as more potent and specific drugs that are particularly discussed the understanding of disease pathways. Several biomaterials can be applied to small-molecule drugs as controlled release reservoirs for drug delivery and provide new insights into disease processes, thus understanding the mechanisms of action of drugs.

Applications of food nanotechnology are an area of emerging interest for the food industry, for the reason, in this book will be given more priority to discuss the uses of nanomaterials for food packing, food safety and quality, and to remove the contaminated or spoiled by foodborne pathogens. And also nanotechnology based food products will be discussed how making them tastier, healthier, and more nutritious such as vitamins, to reduce fat content, and to ensure they do not degrade during a product’s shelf life.

Nanotechnology is basically the uses of nanomaterials, devices and systems through the control of matter on the nanometer scale. Multidisciplinary studies are required the technology for discovery and moving so fast from concept to the reality. Nanotechnology always not only provided more benefits in energy, drugs and food products but also provided significantly benefits around multidisciplinary field applications.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Chapter 1. Carbon Nanomaterials for Energy Storage Devices

Abstract

In accordance to the fast technology development and rapid increment in world population, the demand on energy supply is getting stronger and higher. The advancement of nanotechnology has enables new cutting edge materials science and engineering to tackle the challenges. Various types of nanomaterials were fabricated in order to achieve higher performance and efficiency, where conventional or bulk materials meet their limitations, not only in the energy-related fields but numerous fields. In energy storage, particularly supercapacitor applications, carbon nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, and their derivatives have received much attention due to their remarkable structure, morphology, electrical, and mechanical properties that are essential for enhancing energy storage capabilities. This chapter provides introduction of electrochemical capacitors or supercapacitors; introduction of carbon nanomaterials, specifically carbon nanotubes and graphene, which is highly associated with supercapacitor electrode materials; discussion on influence factors that affect energy storage process; reviews on research and development of carbon nanomaterial-based supercapacitors; and future perspectives, opportunities, and challenges.

Zhipeng Wang, Gan Jet Hong Melvin

Chapter 2. Zinc Based Spinel Oxides for Energy Conversion and Storage Applications

Abstract

Recently, ZnV₂O₄ gained a great attention of the researchers in the field of energy storage applications. The main reason is that both zinc and vanadium are economical, earth abundant and have a variety of electrochemistry to offer. The different oxidation states of vanadium deliver a vast range of redox reactions which are favorable for energy (electrochemical) storage applications. In this chapter facile and template free methods are presented for the synthesis of novel hierarchical nanospheres (NHNs), glomerulus nano/microspheres and spinel oxide nanosheets of ZnV₂O₄ to be used in different energy storage applications including Lithium ion batteries (LIBs), hydrogen storage and supercapacitors. Also, ZnV₂O₄ is studied for the thermoelectric properties to be used in thermoelectric devices. These studies overlay the way to consider ZnV₂O₄ as a potential candidate for energy storage applications in future. This comprehensive review will boost the relevant research with a view to work on further performance enhancement of ZnV₂O₄ materials.

Faheem K. Butt, Sajid Ur Rehman

Chapter 3. Nanotechnology in Renewable Energy: Critical Reviews for Wind Energy

Abstract

Wind energy is recognised as a potential source for free, clean and inexhaustible energy. Therefore, the diffusion of wind energy technology in the power sector has been growing steadily in the past few decades due to the rising concern in global energy issues. Wind power machines, or commonly known as wind turbines, are still further developing over the years to increase its performance in term of efficiency, cost-effectiveness and reliability in wind energy and wind power application. However, there are challenges in the recent developments and technology trends particularly on introducing Nano technology on wind turbine blade design, offshore deployment and operation. This chapter provides fundamental knowledge of wind turbines operation and the implementation of Nano technology on the design aspects of turbine blades with some factors that could affect the performance of wind turbines. Furthermore, the environmental issues that are affecting the performance of wind turbines are also discussed. The details of this chapter cover the challenges of wind turbine design, followed by the principle of wind turbine design and the environmental issues that affect the aerodynamic efficiency of wind turbines.

W. K. Muzammil, Md. Mizanur Rahman, A. Fazlizan, M. A. Ismail, H. K. Phang, M. A. Elias

Chapter 4. Nanomaterials: Electromagnetic Wave Energy Loss

Abstract

The utilization of electromagnetic (EM) wave energy for various appliances and tools in GHz frequency range, in accordance to the development of advanced technology, is rapidly progressing. Simultaneously, the development and research related to EM wave absorbing/shielding materials is also growing fast, in order to cut off and to defend human beings and electronic devices from excessive or unnecessary EM radiation exposure. Nanomaterials is one of the ideal EM wave absorber material, due to their properties such as lightweight, remarkable electrical properties, strongly absorb EM waves, possess tunable absorption frequency, and multifunctionality. This chapter provides introduction of EM wave absorbers; introduction of EM wave energy loss that is highly associated with EM wave absorption performance; discussion on influence factors that affect EM wave absorption capability; and reviews on research and fabrication process of nanomaterials related to EM wave absorber.

Gan Jet Hong Melvin, Yaofeng Zhu, Qing-Qing Ni

Chapter 5. Emerging Nanotechnology for Third Generation Photovoltaic Cells

Abstract

Nanotechnology for solar energy harvesting is attracting significant attention for its drastic improvement in performance. Recent innovation in the material and device structure for the photovoltaic solar cell improves the efficiency, cost and stability. Various approaches have been envisioned to enhance the efficiency. Nanotechnology includes engineering in some fundamental properties, structure of the nanomaterial and the devices architecture. Engineering the fundament properties of the nanomaterial can enhance the photon harvesting as well as the inherent recombination. The basic approaches in nanotechnology, intermediate band and multiple exciton generation can give the promise to enhance the power conversion efficiency in third generation photovoltaic cell. In recent years new and improved device architecture has been coupled with engineered nanomaterial showing better efficiency which can be compared with conventional silicon solar cell. Recently, multi-junction (38.9%, four junctions) and perovskite solar cell (22.7%) are showing notable device efficiency. New generation of photovoltaic technologies reduces the material amount which consequently reduces the material cost and the fabrication cost making the system economically feasible. Future research needs to focus on the development of new and green material for photovoltaic cell with minimal fabrication cost. To make the photovoltaic materials and system environment friendly, use of bio-based materials could be the promising future approach.

Biju Mani Rajbongshi, Anil Verma

Chapter 6. Nanotechnology: Emerging Opportunities for Fuel Cell Applications

Abstract

Fuel cell is foreseen as the future energy device that utilises electrochemical reactions to generate electricity. In fuel cell device, the main components that are responsible for the process are electrocatalyst and membrane. Nonetheless, the late introduction of this technology to the market is attributed to the high component cost, contributed by the heavy utilisation of catalysts such as platinum. Nanotechnology is thus foreseen to be one of the feasible solutions in the perspective of reducing the catalyst loading and replacement of non-Pt catalysts with other nanomaterials. This chapter focuses on the application of nanotechnology that is aligned with the few main efforts in resolving the abovementioned issue such as reducing Pt loading, developing Pt-free catalysts and metal-free catalysts. In essence, the development of nanosized catalysts takes the advantage of increasing the electrochemical active surface area per unit volume that can reduce the catalysts loading. Besides, the ability to modify the structure of the nanocatalysts is beneficial in tailoring in catalytic activity. More interestingly, carbon nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes and graphene can be modified at the atomic level to become electrochemically active catalysts to realise the introduction of metal-free catalyst. Detailed mechanisms regarding the reactions are discussed in this chapter. It is foreseen that nanotechnology will remain as the mainstream in the research on the materials related to fuel cell technology that is able to eventually resolve the technical issues.

Wai Yin Wong, Nabila A. Karim

Chapter 7. Nanotechnology-Based Drug Delivery Systems: Past, Present and Future

Abstract

The methods involved in delivering drugs to target sites will have significant impact on the effectiveness of the drugs release. Absorption of high concentration of drugs have some toxicity effect meanwhile having low concentration may prove how low the therapeutic benefit the drugs hold, putting aside other various drawbacks. This chapter outlines how nanotechnology has developed some advance drug delivery system and how the development moves along throughout the years for a better future of medical treatments.

Riana Awang Saman, Mohammad Iqbal

Chapter 8. Targeted Therapeutic Nanoparticles for Cancer and Other Human Diseases

Abstract

Targeted drug delivery is a useful approach to enhanced the present therapeutic efficacy in treating human diseases especially cancers. Nanoparticles is known for its ability to act as passive targeting agent through the enhanced permeability and retention effects and it has also shown promising results for drug or gene delivery, radiotherapy and photodynamic therapy applications. This chapter will describe the different organic and inorganic therapeutic nanoparticles that may be used with specific applications. These materials will be explained in brief alongside the reported research works and its related applications.

Rabiatul Basria S. M. N. Mydin, Wan Nordiana Rahman, Rosmazihana Mat Lazim, Amirah Mohd Gazzali, Nur Hazirah Mohd Azlan, Said Moshawih

Chapter 9. Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: A Modern Approach for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases

Abstract

Targeting drugs to the Central nervous system (CNS) for any CNS related disorders has been a herculean task mainly due to the inability of drugs to cross the blood-brain barrier and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. Nanotechnology has been widely adopted to overcome this shortcoming. Solid lipid nanoparticles have been suggested as successful among the different Nano Drug Delivery systems. The increased chances of traversing the blood brain barrier by the lipid components of solid lipid nanoparticles is notable in addition to the other benefits offered by nanoparticles. The current chapter discusses the application of solid lipid nanoparticles in neurodegenerative diseases.

Anisha A. D’Souza

Chapter 10. Nanoparticles in Nanomedicine Application: Lipid-Based Nanoparticles and Their Safety Concerns

Abstract

The ability to control particle size and shape in engineering materials, paved the way for introducing nanostructures with unique properties and broad applications. The small size of nanostructures gives rise to more toxic reactions due to a higher surface area relative to volume and this in turn changes absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of nanoparticles (NPs). This also enhances cellular uptake and thus increases the interference with the biological milieu due to large surface area and surface functionalization. Notably, NPs are either degradable nanoparticles such as dendrimers, which can produce unexpected toxic byproducts, or non-degradable ones such as metallic NPs that accumulate in tissues and cells and consequently lead to pernicious effects. The uniqueness of each type of organic and inorganic NPs in addition to the route of administration make their behavior in biological systems more complicated than expected, thus, in vivo and in vitro studies are strongly recommended.

Rabiatul Basria S. M. N. Mydin, Said Moshawih

Chapter 11. Nanomaterials in Drug Delivery System

Abstract

Nanomaterial plays an important role in enhancing effective treatment of certain diseases nowadays. Owing to its near molecular-size scale, many pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries are now keen to use nanomaterials as their drug stabilizing agent as well as a vehicle to deliver their drug into a targeted site at a specific dosage with a controlled release time. Currently, the most studied and used nanomaterial in drug delivery is liposome, an amphipathic molecule that is able to carry both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs. Other nanomaterials such as chitosan, graphene-oxide, carbon nanotube, nanodiamond and mesoporous silica are also extensively studied to be used commercially due to their unique characteristics. These nanomaterials need first to be modified and functionalized to ensure effective treatment and reach the targeted site. In this review article, the characteristics and modification applied to these materials were elaborated and how these modifications enhance the treatment was also discussed.

Nur Izzati Mohd Razali, Noor Syazwani Mohd Saufi, Raha Ahmad Raus, Wan Mohd Fazli Wan Nawawi, Dayang Fredalina Basri

Chapter 12. Drug Discovery: A Biodiversity Perspective

Abstract

Conventional drug discovery is believed to be much slower than the emerging of diseases. It could also cost pharmaceutical companies hundreds of million of dollars with no guarantee that the process would be a successful one. Therefore, new alternatives for drug discovery methods are urgently required.

Nature has been known as long as human history as very rich sources for various types of human needs including as medicinal sources. By implementing the concept of antigen versus antibody, venom versus antidote somehow taught us that Mother Nature has provided us the cures for every disease. It is just a matter of how to find the right drug for particular disease which is already available in the nature. In the United States of America alone, approximately 50% of drugs recognized by the Food and Drug Administration from the year 1981 until the year 2010 were originated from natural product pure extracts or their derivatives.

This chapter briefly described the power of nature as the abundant sources to find drugs for different kinds of illnesses include the challenges associated with the drug discovery process. By virtue of biodiversity both on land and in oceans, researchers can collect as many as possible extracts (extract library) that can be utilized as medicines through screening process. Drug discovery through screening process utilizing natural products can become a solution of the slow and expensive drug discovery process using conventional way. By the advancement of screening technology such as high throughput screening, thousands of extracts and or bioactive compounds can be screened against different types of diseases only in one day. The availability of extract library allows the acceleration of drug discovery in a faster and cheaper way.

Indonesia as one of the richest country in the world in biodiversity has high potential in providing a large collection of extracts for drug discovery purposes. One of potential plants as medicinal sources is Mangrove. Mangroves and mangrove associates widely spread along roughly 90,000 km Indonesian coastline. Indonesia is home of about 20 family with about hundreds species of mangroves and their associates. Indonesia has the largest mangrove forest or about 23% of total world mangrove forests. Taken altogether, Indonesia offers invaluable medicinal sources. This opens up many opportunities for collaboration among researchers nationally and internationally.

Kholis A. Audah

Chapter 13. Nano TiO2 for Biomedical Applications

Abstract

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) has been prepared and widely used for many years. Owing to its unique photocatalytic properties, excellent strength and biocompatibility, high chemical stability, and low toxicity, TiO₂ has been extensively used in biomedical applications. Advances in nanoscale science suggest that some of the current problems of life science could be resolved or greatly improved via utilization of TiO₂. This chapter illustrated a critical review of current achievement of nano TiO₂ in the biomedical field. This includes special insight into the role of nanostructured TiO₂ as an implants material, drug delivery systems and antimicrobial agent in device related infections (DRI). The synthesis-characterization-properties-performance relationships of TiO₂ in the respected application is emphasized in this chapter. The latest challenges and new directions for future research in this emerging frontier are also elaborated.

Khairul Arifah Saharudin, Srimala Sreekantan, Rabiatul Basria S. M. N. Mydin, Siti Nor Qurratu Aini Abd Aziz, G. Ambarasan Govindasamy

Chapter 14. Nanotechnology: Recent Trends in Food Safety, Quality and Market Analysis

Abstract

Nanotechnology is used in a variety of fields such as agriculture, medicine, food industry, computer engineering, communication and energy production. In food industries, nanotechnology is utilized in all staged of production, from storing, processing, packaging, quality control and assurance, and even labeling. The incorporation of nanotechnology in food industries are improving food security, increasing shelf life, inhibit microorganism growth, and for better flavor and nutrient delivery. Improvement on food packaging has been done progressively by adding nanomaterials into polymer matrix to produce nanocomposite such as introduction of biodegradable components to get bionanocomposite and incorporation of metal ion, metal oxide, nanoclay, biopolymers and enzymes to develop antimicrobial nanopackaging. The advancement of nanotechnology leads the development of biosensor for determination of analytes. Electronic tongue or noses has been used to detect food spoilage, microfluidics sensor can detect compound of interest and nanocantilevers detection based on biological-binding interaction. The inclusion of nanotechnology is crucial in maintaining the quality of food products. Nanoemulsion, nanoencapsulation and nanolaminate are some of the nanotechnologies used to ensure the quality of food products. However, factors including regulation, consumers perception and lack of investors that may inhibit the development of nanotechnology, cannot be ignored. The role of each stakeholder is important to ensure the growth of nanotechnologies in food industries.

Zamri Nurfatihah, Shafiquzzaman Siddiquee

Chapter 15. Nanotechnology Applications in Food: Opportunities and Challenges in Food Industry

Abstract

Nanotechnology has been discovered many years ago, spark of interest about it has increasing rapidly every years. This technology has proven that the usage of it does benefit too many industries including food industry. It is well known today that this technology does contribute to plenty of applications that can be found in food industry. There is lot of emerging opportunities that have been promised by usage of nanotechnology in food industry such as development of nanocapsules, nanocarriers, nanopackaging, nanotubes, nanosensors and others. However, the opportunities in nanotechnology mentioned all about the advanced of technology that can help our life much better especially in term of food consumption, it comes along with the potential challenges that cannot be ignored. The challenges mainly revolve around the safety of our food if these nanotechnologies are applied into it. Thus, it is essential for the researcher to provide valid argument about safety of this technology in food so people especially public have limited knowledge about science that can make fair decisions regarding their choice of food and beverages.

Afiqah Silon Ummi, Shafiquzzaman Siddiquee

Chapter 16. Improvement of Food Packaging Based on Functional Nanomaterial

Abstract

Nanotechnology offers many tremendous improvements for a better life. It can be applied to improve products, wealth, health, and quality of life, including being more eco-friendly, due to its nanoscale size. It could look impossible sometimes, that nanoscale structures could not only present but could also have a big impact in various sectors that could be important to our daily life. Besides a tremendous impact in many sectors, nanomaterials are still infants in the food sector itself. However, as the results of advanced nanomaterial functional properties that can be used to improve packaging materials properties and functions, thus, even in it infancy, functional nanomaterials are being employed increasingly in the food packaging industry.

Here, comprehensive review of recent advance in the development of food packaging based on functional nanomaterial has been described and discussed. Covered issues include application of nanomaterial in food packaging, i.e. physical improved packaging for increasing mechanical strength, barrier properties, flexibility and stability; biochemical improved packaging for biocompatible, biodegradable, low-waste and eco-friendly; improved packaging with active functions, e.g. oxygen scavenging and antimicrobials; improved packaging with smart or intelligent functions, e.g. nanosensors for freshness, contaminants and monitoring of food packaging integrity or conditions. Furthermore, issues on human health and environment related to this improvement of food packaging with functional nanomaterial are discussed briefly, which are most likely to enjoy consumer preference and regulatory attention in the near future. The chapter ended with a short overview of the future trend of nano-packaging for various food applications.

Bambang Kuswandi, Mehran Moradi

Chapter 17. Applications of Polymeric Nanoparticles in Food Sector

Abstract

Nanotechnology presents opportunities to create new and better products. Nano technology has huge impact in many applications including food industry. Product of nanotechnology, such as polymeric nanoparticle, can be utilized to improve food quality by extending food shelf life, increase food safety, lower the cost and enhance the nutritional benefits. This chapter provides an overview of the properties of polymeric nanoparticle, preparation techniques, as well as the role polymeric nano-particles in the food industry.

Norizah Abdul Rahman

Chapter 18. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) Biosensors for Determination of Carbamate Pesticides

Abstract

Carbamate pesticides are widely applied for controlling pests in agriculture crops due to high insecticidal action and persistence in the environment. The wide applications of carbamate pesticide has required for strictly monitoring the residue levels of carbamate pesticide. Currently several analytical techniques are available for determination of carbamate pesticide residues such as gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with various detectors, ultraviolet spectroscopy, surface plasmon resonance and fluorimetry involved a sample preparation step prior to further analysis. However, these techniques have some drawbacks such as requiring skill work force and time-consuming sample extraction procedures with high volumes of organic solvents. Enzymatic biosensors-based acetylcholinesterase offers a simple, rapid, high sensitivity and on-site monitoring for determination of carbamate pesticide concentrations. In this book chapter , enzyme-based biosensor methods briefly explained for determination of carbamate pesticide levels, and the immobilization techniques and carbamate pesticide toxicity discussed.

Anwar Samsidar, Shafiquzzaman Siddiquee

Chapter 19. Nanosensors Based Detection of Foodborne Pathogens

Abstract

Contaminated food cause by pathogens is one of the main reasons incidences of human diseases cases all around the world. Typically, most foodborne contaminants caused by bacteria, parasites and virus that have a major economic impact. It is important to restrain them, thus early detection system is very crucial. Several methods have been explored for the detection and identification of these microorganisms in food samples. However, some of these methods are involves complicated sample pre-treatment, laborious, time-consuming and are not suitable for on-site applications. Therefore, it is very important to develop rapid, sensitive, selective and more approachable detection methods. Recently, biosensors have been explored as alternative approach method and considered as one of most rapid and on-site applicable methods. Advancements in nanotechnology have provided biosensor with novel architecture by using nanoscaled materials and structures for enhance the biosensing performance. This article highlights the significant progress of nanosensor based on electrochemical and optical, and other types of nanosensors with the focus on the foodborne pathogen detection.

Mohd Hazani Mat Zaid, Jerro Saidykhan, Jaafar Abdullah

Chapter 20. Electrochemical Methods to Characterize Nanomaterial-Based Transducers for the Development of Noninvasive Glucose Sensors

Abstract

Electrochemical biosensors consist of electrodes modified with nanomaterials that contain immobilized biomolecules for analyte recognition and utilize electrochemical transduction; a glucose meter is an example of such a biosensor. Innovation in glucose monitoring includes non-invasive sensing, where alternative body fluids such as saliva can be used in place of blood, eliminating finger-pricking. However, the concentration of glucose in saliva is twofold lower than in blood, demanding a more sensitive transducer. For a decade, research focused on enhancing the transduction layer by modifying electrodes with nanomaterials that can increase electron transfer, enabling detection of glucose at much lower concentrations. The contribution of these nanomaterials towards enhancement of electron transfer can be understood via electrochemical characterization techniques such as cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), and electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). This chapter provides the basis of the voltammetry techniques and EIS with example graphs from our current research. The aforementioned techniques were performed on screen-printed glassy carbon electrodes modified with reduced graphene–conductive polymer composites, with voltammetry measurements providing CV and LSV and EIS measurements, with EIS resulting in Bode and Nyquist plots and Randles equivalent circuit. Results from our study show a reversible electrode reaction that is diffusion controlled.

Nur Alya Batrisya Ismail, Firdaus Abd-Wahab, Nurul Izzati Ramli, Mamoun M. Bader, Wan Wardatul Amani Wan Salim

Titel: Nanotechnology: Applications in Energy, Drug and Food
herausgegeben von: Shafiquzzaman Siddiquee
Gan Jet Hong Melvin
Md. Mizanur Rahman
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-99602-8
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-99601-1
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99602-8