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Erschienen in:
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2017 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

National Developments in Soil Protection in Mongolia

verfasst von : Ian Hannam

Erschienen in: International Yearbook of Soil Law and Policy 2016

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Mongolia has taken legislative and strategic steps to improve the management of its soil resources. The soils of Mongolia are highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change and anthropogenic impact. Today over half the population lives in urban areas but there is increasing pressure on the soil resources of both urban and rural areas. In 2012 Mongolia introduced the Law for Soil Protection and Prevention of Desertification. This Law along with a number of related laws provides the legal framework to protect Mongolia’s soil resources. It is argued that the introduction of a Pastureland Law is also required to achieve sustainable management of the vast pastoral land resource of Mongolia, which occupies 70 % of the country. Together, these laws provide part of the platform needed by Mongolia to help satisfy Goals 13 and 15 of the Sustainable Development Goals agreed by the countries at the United Nations Sustainable Development Summit in 2015.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Economics of Land Degradation: Achievements and Next Steps
Nächstes Kapitel The Protection of Soil Under Namibian Law
Fußnoten
1
Boer and Hannam (2015).
 
3
https://​sustainabledevel​opment.​un.​org/​?​menu=​1300. Accessed 10 Feb 2016; Dooley et al. (2015); UNCCD COP 12 Decision COP (12)/L.4 “invites Parties” to develop voluntary targets.
 
4
Mongolia is divided into 21 administrative units (provinces) called Aimags. The population of cities range in size from 50,000 to over 600,000 in the capital of Ulaanbaatar. The cities are divided into districts. Urban population accounts for about 51 % of the country’s total population and there is a strong tendency for migration from the rural to urban areas. The Aimag populations range from 40,000 to approximately 100,000. They are divided into Aimag centers and rural Soums or districts around the centers. Soums are comprised of Soum centers and Bags. The Bags are the lowest level rural administrative. There are a total of 333 Soums and 1564 Bags in the country.
 
5
Includes camels, yaks, horses, cattle, sheep, goats.
 
6
A dzud is a winter disaster that covers pastures with ice and causes mass livestock starvation. The most recent dzuds affected Mongolia in 1996–1997, 1999–2000 and 2000–2001—the last of which killed 13 % of the country’s total livestock.
 
7
Batima (2006).
 
8
Hannam (2010).
 
9
Mongolia (2008).
 
10
UNDP (2005).
 
12
Hannam (2010).
 
13
Nature-Future Fund Non-Governmental Organization (2008).
 
14
World Bank (2002), ADB (2013).
 
15
Hannam (2015).
 
16
Mongolia (2006).
 
17
Hannam (2010).
 
18
Tortell et al. (2008), Hannam (2009).
 
19
See UNEP Governing Council of the United Nations Environment Program UNEP/GC/25/INF/15, Fourth Program for the Development and Periodic Review of Environmental Law (Montevideo Program IV), II Conservation, management and sustainable use of natural resources, C “Soils”, where the objective is “To improve national and international principles and standards and to support efforts under the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification for the further development of legal approaches for the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of soils”, http://​www.​unep.​org/​delc/​Portals/​119/​MontevideoIV.​pdf. Accessed 11 Feb 2016.
 
20
Erdenebayasgalan and Sainbayar (2013).
 
21
Article 6 of the Constitution of Mongolia 1992 states that “The land, its subsoil, forests, water, fauna and flora and other natural resources in Mongolia shall belong exclusively to the people and be under the State protection”; Article 16 specifies the citizens of Mongolia shall be guaranteed the privilege to enjoy the following right and freedom: [the] 2) “Right to healthy and safe environment, and to be protected against environmental pollution and ecological imbalance”; Article 38 specifies that government shall implement State laws .. 4) “to undertake measures on the protection of the environment, rational use and restoration of natural resources”.
 
22
UNEP (1994).
 
23
Crisp et al. (2004).
 
24
Erdenebayasgalan and Sainbayar (2013).
 
25
Tsogtbaatar (2004).
 
26
Footnote 12.
 
27
Myers and Hetz (2004), SDC (2015).
 
28
Fernandez-Gimenez (2006).
 
29
Heiner et al. (2011).
 
30
Swift (2007).
 
31
Mongolian Government (2008).
 
32
ADB (2013).
 
33
Hannam and Sereenov (2015); an initial draft law was prepared in 2007 and a further draft in 2010 and both were publically debated.
 
34
Mongolian Government (2009).
 
35
Mongolian Government (2007, 2010).
 
36
Fernandez-Gimenez (2006), Hannam and Sereenov (2015).
 
37
Batima (2006).
 
38
Hannam (2007), Mongolian Government (2009), and Hannam and Sereenov (2015).
 
39
Including forest, water, land, natural plants and hunting native animals.
 
40
Mongolia (2008), Hannam and Adiyasuren (2009).
 
41
Mongolia (2009).
 
42
Fernandez-Gimenez et al. (2008), Blattler (2012), and Hannam (2012).
 
43
Fernandez-Gimenez (2006).
 
44
MSRM (2012); Herder Groups, are usually fairly small with up to 20 households, are organized primarily on the basis of a combination of kinship and shared use of key resources (e.g. wells, winter pastures). By contrast, PUGs involve up to 150+ households and are organized on the basis of territory where local areas are divided into a number of territorial units.
 
45
Blattler (2012).
 
46
Blattler (2012), Hannam and Sereenov (2015).
 
47
Hannam (2012).
 
48
Hannam and Sereenov (2015).
 
49
FUGs are formed under Chapter Four of the Law on Forest 2012; see Project “Mainstreaming biodiversity conservation”, SFM and carbon sink enhancement into Mongolia’s productive forest landscapes, GCP/MON/008/GF, Ulaanbaatar 2015.
 
50
UNEP (1995).
 
51
Narantuya (2006).
 
52
Further to the negotiations under the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (ADP), the Conference of the Parties (COP), by its decision 1/CP.19, invited all Parties to initiate or intensify domestic preparations for their INDCs towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2.
 
54
Schulze (2009).
 
55
Mongolian Government (2010).
 
56
Climate Change Secretariat (1997).
 
57
SDC (2015).
 
58
ADB (2013).
 
61
ADB (2013).
 
62
Mongolian Government (2010).
 
63
Streck and Guimaraes (2011).
 
64
Batima (2006), Hannam (2012).
 
65
Wilkes et al. (2011).
 
66
Mongolian Government (2010).
 
67
Neely et al. (2009), Hannam (2012).
 
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Blattler D (2012) Draft sub-study policy: project linking herders to carbon markets, pp 23
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Crisp N, Dick J, Mullins M (2004) Mongolian forest sector review. World Bank Report, Washington DC
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Dooley E, Roberts E, Wunder S (2015) Land degradation neutrality under the SDGs: national and international implementation of the land degradation neutral world target. Environ Law Netw Int Rev, 1+2/15:2–9
Erdenebayasgalan G, Sainbayar A (2013) (Mongolia’s Ministry of Environment and Green Development) Winter, Alum Newsletter
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Myers G, Hetz P (2004) Property rights and land privatization: issues for success in Mongolia. SAID/Mongolia, p 22
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Neely C, Bunning S, Wilkes A (eds) (2009) Review for evidence on dryland pastoral systems and climate change, implications and opportunities for mitigation and adaptation. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, p 37
Schulze A (2009) Land legislation and the possibilities for pastoral risk management and adaptation to climate change – the example of Mongolia. Environment, Climate Change and Bioenergy Division, Natural Resources Management and Environment Department, FAO, Rome, p 41
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Metadaten
Titel
National Developments in Soil Protection in Mongolia
verfasst von
Ian Hannam
Copyright-Jahr
2017
Buch
International Yearbook of Soil Law and Policy 2016

Print ISBN: 978-3-319-42507-8

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-42508-5

Copyright-Jahr: 2017

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42508-5_19