nach oben

Erschienen in:

2022 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

11. Natural Gas as a Clean Fuel for Mobility

verfasst von : Ayat Gharehghani, Amir Hossein Fakhari

Erschienen in: Clean Fuels for Mobility

Verlag: Springer Singapore

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

Regarding the rise of concerns about the emissions of diesel engines, including nitrogen oxides (NO_x) and particulate matter (PM), and also the increasing energy demand, the application of alternative fuels in diesel engines has been known as an influential solution. Natural gas is a considerably promising fuel for use as a transportation fuel due to its availability, extensive infrastructure for distribution, low cost, and cleaner combustion. Using natural gas, SI engines can operate at a higher compression ratio than the conventional gasoline-fueled engines, so they present higher thermal efficiency and while they increase NO_x emissions, they produce lower levels of greenhouse gas emissions, carbon dioxide, unburned hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide. CI engines can also use natural gas fuel in dual-fuel mode, where a high-Cetane fuel is injected along with natural gas to provide a source of ignition for the charge. The dual-fuel mode generally maintains the thermal efficiency of the conventional CI engines while it significantly reduces soot emission levels. Also, in these engines, at low and medium loads, NO_x emission level decreases, but HC and CO emissions rise compared to those emissions of the conventional CI engines. It is noteworthy that the dual-fuel mode exhibits longer ignition delays and lower CRs in comparison to the conventional diesel mode. In the dual-fuel mode, the engine power is reduced by almost 2.1%, however, this power reduction can be decreased by changing some operating parameters. This chapter focuses on analyzing the advantages, challenges, and different strategies of using NG in SI and CI engines.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Vorheriges Kapitel Biogas as a Sustainable and Renewable Energy Source

Abd-Alla GS, Badr HA, Abd-Rabbo OA (2001) Effects of diluent admissions and intake air temperature in exhaust gas recirculation on the emissions of an indirect injection dual-fuel engine. Energy Convers Manag 42:1033–1045. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0196-8904(00)00072-8CrossRef

Abdelaal MH (2012) Combustion and emission characteristics of a natural gas-fueled diesel engine with EGR. Energy Convers Manag 64:301–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2012.05.021CrossRef

Abdelaal MM, Hegab AH (2012) Combustion and emission characteristics of a natural gas-fueled diesel engine with EGR. Energy Convers Manag 64:301–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2012.05.021CrossRef

Abdelaal MMR, Hegab BA, Abdelrahman H (2013) Effect of adding oxygen to the intake air on dual-fuel engine performance, emissions, and knock tendency. Energy 61:612–620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.09.022CrossRef

Aslam MU, Masjuki HH, Kalam MA, Abdesselam H, Mahlia TM, Amalina MA (2006) An experimental investigation of CNG as an alternative fuel for a retrofitted gasoline vehicle. Fuel 85:717–724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2005.09.004

Bach C, Lammle C, Bill R, Soltic P, Dyntar D, Janner P, Boulouchos K, Onder C, Landenfeld T, Kercher L, Seel O (2004) Clean engine vehicle a natural gas driven Euro-4/SULEV with 30% reduced CO2-emissions. SAE technical paper. https://doi.org/10.4271/2004-01-0645

Beck NJ, Barkhimer RL, Johnson WP, Wong HC, Gebert K (1997) Evolution of heavy-duty natural gas engines-stoichiometric, carbureted and spark-ignited to lean burn, fuel injected and micro-pilot. SAE technical paper. https://doi.org/10.4271/972665

Belgiorno G, Di Blasio G, Beatrice C (2019) Advances of the natural gas/diesel RCCI concept application for light-duty engines: comprehensive analysis of the influence of the design and calibration parameters on performance and emissions. Natural gas engines. Springer, Singapore, pp 251–266CrossRef

Brombacher EJ (1999) Flow visualisation of natural gas fuel injection. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0010/MQ33968.pdf

Carlucci AF, Laforgia A (2006) Control of the combustion behavior in a diesel engine using early injection and gas addition. Appl Therm Eng 26:2279–2286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2006.03.016CrossRef

Cheenkachorn KP, Ho Ch, Gyeung Ch (2013) Performance and emissions of a heavy-duty diesel engine fuelled with diesel and LNG (liquid natural gas). Energy 53:52–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.02.027

Chen SKB, John N (2001) Gas engine combustion principles and applications. SAE technical paper. https://doi.org/10.4271/2001-01-2489

Chen H, He J, Zhong X (2019) Engine combustion and emission fuelled with natural gas: a review. J Energy Inst 92:1123–1136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joei.2018.06.005CrossRef

Chiu JPW, Murphy J, Kenneth E (2004) Low emissions class 8 heavy-duty on-highway natural gas and gasoline engine. SAE Trans 1843–1852. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44740894

Cho HM, He B-Q (2007) Spark ignition natural gas engines—a review. Energy Convers Manag 48:608–618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2006.05.023CrossRef

Crookes RBM, Olsen KDH (2007) Renewable fuelling of a diesel engine in single and dual fuel operation. In: Technische Akademie Esslingen (TAE) 6th international colloquium fuels

Das AW (1997) Development of a natural gas spark ignition engine for optimum performance. Proc Instit Mech Eng (Part D). J Automob Eng 211:361–378. 10.1243%2F0954407971526506

de Carvalho RDB, Valle RM, Rodrigues VF, de Magalhaes FE (2003) Performance and emission analysis of the turbocharged spark-ignition engine converted to natural gas. SAE technical paper, 2003-01-3726

Demirbas A (2002) Fuel properties of hydrogen, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and compressed natural gas (CNG) for transportation. Energy Sources 24:601–610. https://doi.org/10.1080/00908312.2002.11877434CrossRef

Dondero L, Goldemberg J (2005) Environmental implications of converting light gas vehicles: the Brazilian experience. Energy Policy 33:1703–1708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2004.02.009CrossRef

Durell E, Allan J, Law D, Heath J (2000) Installation and development of a direct injection system for a bi-fuel gasoline and compressed natural gas engine. In: Proceeding ANGVA 2000 conference, Yokohama, Japan

Economides MJW, David A (2009) The state of natural gas. J Nat Gas Sci Engi 1:1–13CrossRef

Einewall PT, Bengt PJ (2005) Lean burn natural gas operation vs. stoichiometric operation with EGR and a three-way catalyst. SAE technical paper. https://doi.org/10.4271/2005-01-0250

Fakhari AH, Shafaghat R, Jahanian O (2019) Numerical simulation of natural gas/diesel dual-fuel engine for investigation of performance and emission. J Therm Anal Calorim 139:2455–2464. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-019-08560-7CrossRef

Fakhari AH, Shafaghat R, Jahanian O (2020) Numerical simulation of a naturally aspirated natural gas/diesel RCCI engine for investigating the effects of injection timing on the combustion and emissions. J Energy Resour Technol 142. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4046470

Frailey MN, Clark P, Lyons N, Donald W (2000) An evaluation of natural gas versus diesel in medium-duty buses. SAE technical paper. https://doi.org/10.4271/2000-01-2822

Franklin MK, Leuer DB, Pipho RH (1994) A PC-based fuel and ignition control system used to map the 3-D surfaces of torque and emissions versus air-fuel ratio and ignition timing. SAE Trans 915–926. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44632843

Gatts T, Liu S, Liew C, Ralston B, Bell C, Li H (2012) An experimental investigation of incomplete combustion of gaseous fuels of a heavy-duty diesel engine supplemented with hydrogen and natural gas. Int J Hydrogen Energy 37:7848–7859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.01.088CrossRef

Gharehghani A (2013) Experimental investigation of thermal balance of a turbocharged SI engine operating on natural gas. Appl Therm Eng 60:200–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2013.06.029CrossRef

Gharehghani A (2019) Load limits of an HCCI engine fueled with natural gas, ethanol, and methanol. Fuel 239:1001–1014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.11.066CrossRef

Gharehghani AM, Jazayeri SM (2012) Numerical and experimental investigation of combustion and knock in a dual fuel gas/diesel compression ignition engine. J Combust. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/504590CrossRef

Gharehghani AH, Yusaf R (2013) Investigation of the effect of additives to natural gas on heavy-duty si engine combustion characteristics. J Mech Eng Sci 5:677–687. https://doi.org/10.15282/jmes.5.2013.14.0065

Gharehghani AH, Mirsalim R, Yusaf M, Talal F (2015a) A comparative study on the first and second law analysis and performance characteristics of a spark-ignition engine using either natural gas or gasoline. Fuel 158:488–493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.05.067CrossRef

Gharehghani AH, Mirsalim R, Yusaf M, Talal F (2015b) A computational study of operating range extension in a natural gas SI engine with the use of hydrogen. Int J Hydrogen Energy 40:5966–5975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.03.015CrossRef

Gharehghani AH, Mirsalim R, Jazayeri M, Talal AY (2015c) An experimental study on reactivity controlled compression ignition engine fueled with biodiesel/natural gas. Energy 89:558–567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.06.014CrossRef

Huang JC, Crookes RJ (1998) Assessment of simulated biogas as a fuel for the spark-ignition engine. Fuel 77:1793–1801. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-2361(98)00114-8CrossRef

International Energy Agency (2011) World Energy Outlook, OECD/IEA

Kakaee AH, Paykani A (2013) Research and development of natural-gas fueled engines in Iran. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 26:805–821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.05.048CrossRef

Kakoee AB, Aval Y, Motadayen S, Gharehghani A (2018) An improvement of a lean burning condition of natural gas/diesel RCCI engine with a pre-chamber by using hydrogen. Energy Convers Manag 166:489–499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.04.063CrossRef

Kar T, Zhou Z, Brear M, Yang Y, Khosravi M, Lacey J (2021) A comparative study of directly injected, spark ignition engine performance and emissions with natural gas, gasoline and charge dilution. Fuel 304:121438

Karim GA (2010) Combustion in gas‐fueled compression ignition engines of the dual fuel type. In: Handbook of combustion, pp 213–235 (Online)

Kato KI, Masuda M, Otsubo K, Yasuda A, Takeda K, Sato T (1999) Development of engine for natural gas vehicle. SAE Trans 108:939–947. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44743426

Kato T, Saeki K, Nishide H, Yamada T (2000) Development of CNG fueled engine with lean burn for small size commercial van. JSAE Rev 22:365–368CrossRef

Kesgin U (2005) Effect of the turbocharging system on the performance of a natural gas engine. Energy Convers Manag 46:11–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2004.02.006CrossRef

Korakianitis T, Namasivayam AM, Crookes RJ (2011) Natural-gas fueled spark ignition (SI) and compression ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions. Progress Energy Combust Sci 37:89–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2010.04.002CrossRef

Kusaka J, Okamoto T, Daisho Y, Kihara R, Saito T (2000) Combustion and exhaust gas emission characteristics of a diesel engine dual-fueled with natural gas. JSAE Rev 21:489–496. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0389-4304(00)00071-0CrossRef

Lave LB, Maclean H, Lankey R, Joshi S, McMichael F, Horvath A, Hendrickson C (2000) Life cycle inventories of conventional and alternative automobile fuel/propulsion systems: summary and conclusions. SAE Trans 1953–1961. https://doi.org/10.1021/es991322+

Li L, Zhang Z (2019) Investigation on steam direct injection in a natural gas engine for fuel savings. Energy 183:958–970CrossRef

Li HL, Liew S, Gatts C, Wayne T, Clark S, Nuszkowski N (2017) An investigation of the combustion process of a heavy-duty dual fuel engine supplemented with natural gas or hydrogen. Int J Hydrogen Energy 42:3352–3362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.12.115CrossRef

Liu Z, Karim GA (1998) An examination of the ignition delay period in gas-fueled diesel engines. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2818080

Lounici MS, Loubar K, Tarabet L, Balistrou M, Niculescu DC, Tazerout M (2014) Towards improvement of natural gas-diesel dual fuel mode: an experimental investigation on performance and exhaust emissions. Energy 64:200–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.10.091CrossRef

Mello P, Pelliza G, Cataluña R, da Silva R (2006) Evaluation of the maximum horsepower of vehicles converted for use with natural gas fuel. Fuel 85:2180–2186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2006.04.002CrossRef

Mtui PLH, Philip G (1996) Ignition delay and combustion duration with natural gas fueling of diesel engines. SAE technical paper. https://doi.org/10.4271/961933

Namasivayam AC, Korakianitis RJ, Olsen T (2009) Assessment of combustion in natural gas dual-fuelled compression ignition engines with dimethyl ether and rapeseed methyl ester pilot ignition. Int J Engine Res 10:165–174. 10.1243%2F14680874JER02909

Napolitano P, Fraioli V, Beatrice C, Migliaccio M, Guido C (2014) Estimation of TTW and WTW factors for a light duty dual fuel NG-diesel EU5 passenger car (No. 2014-01-1621). SAE technical paper

Narayanaswamy KR, Christopher J (2004) Cycle simulation diesel HCCI modeling studies and control. SAE technical paper. https://doi.org/10.4271/2004-01-2997

Ouellette P (2000) High pressure direct injection (HPDI) of natural gas in diesel engines. In: Proceeding ANGVA 2000 conference, Yokohama

Papagiannakis RH (2003) Experimental investigation concerning the effect of natural gas percentage on performance and emissions of a DI dual fuel diesel engine. Appl Therm Eng 23:353–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-4311(02)00187-4CrossRef

Papagiannakis RG, Hountalas DT (2004) Combustion and exhaust emission characteristics of a dual fuel compression ignition engine operated with pilot diesel fuel and natural gas. Energy Convers Manag 45:2971–2987. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2004.01.013CrossRef

Papagiannakis RH, Rakopoulos DT (2007) Theoretical study of the effects of pilot fuel quantity and its injection timing on the performance and emissions of a dual fuel diesel engine. Energy Convers Manag 48:2951–2961. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2007.07.003CrossRef

Parikh P (1999) Spark ignition producer gas engine and dedicated compressed natural gas engine-technology development and experimental performance optimization. SAE technical paper. https://doi.org/10.4271/1999-01-3515

Paykani AS, Khoshbakhti Shervani-Tabar R, Mohammadi-Kousha MT (2012) Effect of exhaust gas recirculation and intake pre-heating on performance and emission characteristics of dual-fuel engines at part loads. J Central S Univ 19:1346–1352CrossRef

Pirouzpanah VS, Khoshbakhti Sohrabi R, Niaei A (2007) Comparison of thermal and radical effects of EGR gases on combustion process in dual-fuel engines at part loads. Energy Convers Manag 48:1909–1918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2007.01.031CrossRef

Polk AC, Gibson CM, Shoemaker NT, Srinivasan KK, Krishnan SR (2013) Detailed characterization of diesel-ignited propane and methane dual-fuel combustion in a turbocharged direct-injection diesel engine. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part D J Automobile Eng 227(9):1255–1272CrossRef

Polk AC, Carpenter CD, Scott Guerry E, Dwivedi U, Kumar Srinivasan K, Rajan Krishnan S, Rowland ZL (2014) Diesel-ignited propane dual fuel low temperature combustion in a heavy-duty diesel engine. J Eng Gas Turbines Power 136(9)

Poulton M (1994) Alternative fuels for road vehicles, Ashurst lodge, Ashurst, Southampton, SO40 7AA. Computational Mechanics Publications, UK

Raihan MS, Guerry ES, Dwivedi U, Srinivasan KK, Krishnan SR (2015) Experimental analysis of diesel-ignited methane dual-fuel low-temperature combustion in a single-cylinder diesel engine. J Energy Eng 141(2):C4014007CrossRef

Ramadhas AJ, Muraleedharan S (2008) Dual fuel mode operation in diesel engines using renewable fuels: rubber seed oil and coir-pith producer gas. Renew Energy 33:2077–2083. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2007.11.013CrossRef

Reynolds CCO, Evans RL, Andreassi L, Cordiner S, Mulone V (2005) The effect of varying the injected charge stoichiometry in a partially stratified charge natural gas engine. SAE technical paper. https://doi.org/10.4271/2005-01-0247

Selim MY (2003) Effect of exhaust gas recirculation on some combustion characteristics of the dual-fuel engine. Energy Convers Manag 44:707–721. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0196-8904(02)00083-3CrossRef

Semin RAB (2008) A technical review of compressed natural gas as an alternative fuel for internal combustion engines. J Eng Appl Sci 1:302–311CrossRef

Shasby BM (2004) Alternative fuels: incompletely addressing the problems of the automobile. Virginia Polytechnic Institute, and State University, The USA, pp 5–13. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/9976

Shoemaker NT, Gibson CM, Polk AC, Krishnan SR, Srinivasan KK (2012) Performance and emissions characteristics of bio-diesel (B100)-ignited methane and propane combustion in a four cylinder turbocharged compression ignition engine. J Eng Gas Turbines Power 134(8)

Srinivasan KK, Singh S, Midkiff KC, Bell SR, Gong W, Fiveland SB, Willi M (2004) The advanced injection low pilot ignited natural gas engine: a combustion analysis. J Eng Gas Turbines Power 128:213–218. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1915428

Srinivasan KK, Krishnan SR, Singh S, Midkiff KC, Bell SR, Gong W, Fiveland SB, Willi M (2006) The advanced injection low pilot ignited natural gas engine: a combustion analysis. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1915428

Thurnheer TS, Eggenschwiler P, Dimopoulos P (2009) SI engine fuelled with gasoline, methane, and methane/hydrogen blends: heat release and loss analysis. Int J Hydrogen Energy 34:2494–2503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.12.048CrossRef

Tree DRS, Kenth I (2007) Soot processes in compression ignition engines. Prog Energy Combust Sci 33:272–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2006.03.002CrossRef

U.S. Energy Information Administration (2013) Annual energy outlook with projection to 2040

Varde KS, Patro N, Drouillard K (1995) Lean burn natural gas-fueled SI engine and exhaust emissions. SAE techical paper. https://doi.org/10.4271/952499

Wei L, Geng P (2016) A review on natural gas/diesel dual fuel combustion, emissions and performance. Fuel Process Technol 142:264–278CrossRef

Yang B, Zeng K (2018) Effects of natural gas injection timing and split pilot fuel injection strategy on the combustion performance and emissions in a dual-fuel engine fueled with diesel and natural gas. Energy Convers Manag 168:162–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.04.091CrossRef

Yousefi A, Guo H, Birouk M (2017) An experimental and numerical study on diesel injection split of a natural gas/diesel dual-fuel engine at a low engine load fuel. Fuel 212:332–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.10.053CrossRef

Zeng K, Huang Z, Liu B, Jiang L, Ren Y, Wang J (2006) Combustion characteristics of a direct-injection natural gas engine under various fuel injection timings. Appl Therm Eng 26:806–813. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2005.10.011CrossRef

Zhao W, Yang W, Fan L, Zhou D, Ma X (2017) Development of a skeletal mechanism for heavy-duty engines fuelled by diesel and natural gas. Appl Therm Eng 123:1060–1071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.05.175CrossRef

Zheng J, Wang J, Zhao Z, Wang D, Huang Z (2019) Effect of equivalence ratio on combustion and emissions of a dual-fuel natural gas engine ignited with diesel. Appl Therm Eng 146:738–751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.10.045CrossRef

Zhen-Tao L, Shao-mei F (2004) Study of CNG/diesel dual-fuel engine’s emissions by means of RBF neural network. J Zhejiang Univ Sci A 5:960–965. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02947606CrossRef

Titel: Natural Gas as a Clean Fuel for Mobility
verfasst von: Ayat Gharehghani
Amir Hossein Fakhari
Verlag: Springer Singapore
Buch: Clean Fuels for Mobility
Print ISBN: 978-981-16-8746-4

Electronic ISBN: 978-981-16-8747-1

Copyright-Jahr: 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8747-1_11

Springer Professional

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu Ihrer Lizenz zu erhalten.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Premium Partner