Hierarchically structured carbon fiber-carbon nanotube composite filler (CNT@CF) can not only alleviate the CNT aggregation by transferring the nanoscale dispersion into the microdomain, but also significantly improve the interfacial bonding between CNT@CF and matrix. Due to the synergic and spatially morphological effects of CNT@CF, i.e., the formation of widely distributed multiscale reinforcement networks, cement-based nanocomposites with CNT@CF exhibit high mechanical properties and electrical conductivity as well as excellent self-sensing performances, particularly enhanced sensing repeatability. The smart system for crack development monitoring developed by integrated cement-based nanocomposites with CNT@CF into a full-scale maglev girder demonstrates high sensitivity and fidelity to capture the initiation of cracks/damage, as well as progressive and sudden damage events until complete failure of the maglev girder, indicating its considerable potential for structural health monitoring of infrastructures.
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