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2022 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

4. New Issues Raised by AI

verfasst von : Jaemin Lee

Erschienen in: Artificial Intelligence and International Law

Verlag: Springer Nature Singapore

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Abstract

Any big change in society raises novel and important issues, and the emergence of AI is no exception. The range of issues cover philosophy, ethics, technology and legal aspects. First, there is the ultimate philosophical question of what is human.

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Fußnoten
1
See Livingston and Risse [1].
 
2
Beard [2].
 
3
Supra note 2.
 
4
International Law Commission, Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, with Commentaries (hereinafter ‘Commentaries’), Yearbook of the International Law Commission, Vol. II, Part Two (2001), Article 4.
 
5
Bryson et al. [3].
 
6
Ibid., p. 285.
 
7
For example, one issue that has been discussed recently in the EU is that new domestic laws reflecting characteristics of AI need to be reviewed and stipulated. European Commission, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions - Artificial Intelligence for Europe, SWD (2018) 137 final, (Apr. 25, 2018), Section 3.3.
 
8
Krishnan [4], Stahl [5].
 
9
Gunkel [6].
 
10
Ibid.
 
11
Brown [7].
 
12
Ibid., p. 210; Chesterman [8].
 
13
Supra note 169, p. 213.
 
14
Papakonstantinou and Hert [9].
 
15
Chesterman [10].
 
16
Supra note 169, p. 224.
 
17
Ibid., p. 234.
 
18
Supra note 173.
 
19
Banteka [11].
 
20
See supra note 142, pp. 15–6.
 
21
See Andrea Shalal. Researchers to boycott South Korean University Over AI Weapons Work. Reuters (Apr. 4, 2018), available at https://​www.​reuters.​com/​article/​us-tech-korea-boycott/​researchers-toboycott-south-korean-university-over-ai-weapons-work-idUSKCN1HB392.
 
22
See Scott Shane and Daisuke Wakabayashi. ‘The Business of War’: Google Employees Protest Work for the Pentagon. The New York Times (Apr. 4, 2018), available at https://​www.​nytimes.​com/​2018/​04/​04/​technology/​google-letter-ceo-pentagon-project.​html.
 
23
See Nohyoung Park. A Korean Approach to Data Localization. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (Aug. 17, 2021), available at https://​carnegieendowmen​t.​org/​2021/​08/​17/​korean-approach-to-data-localization-pub-85165.
 
24
Gesser et al. [12].
 
25
Ibid.
 
26
Ibid.
 
27
See Solum [13].
 
28
Ibid., pp. 1234–40.
 
29
See Kurki [14].
 
30
Supra note 151, p. 1286.
 
31
See Bolter [15].
 
32
Ibid., p. 17.
 
33
Courts, including the International Court of Justice, have acknowledged divisibility of legal personhood. See Bryson et al. [16].
 
34
Supra note 151, p. 1245.
 
35
Supra note 151, pp. 1247–8.
 
36
Supra note 156, pp. 285–287.
 
37
Ibid., p. 288.
 
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Steven Livingston, and Mathias Risse, The Future Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Humans and Human Rights, Ethics & International Affairs, Vol. 33, No. 2 (2019), pp. 151–3. Steven Livingston, and Mathias Risse, The Future Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Humans and Human Rights, Ethics & International Affairs, Vol. 33, No. 2 (2019), pp. 151–3.
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Jack M. Beard, Autonomous Weapons and Human Responsibilities, Georgetown Journal of International Law, Vol. 45 (2014), p. 620. Jack M. Beard, Autonomous Weapons and Human Responsibilities, Georgetown Journal of International Law, Vol. 45 (2014), p. 620.
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Joanna Bryson, Mihailis E. Diamantis, and Thomas D. Grant, Of, for, and by the People: The Legal Lacuna of Synthetic Persons, Artificial Intelligence and Law, Vol. 25, No. 3 (2017), p. 277. Joanna Bryson, Mihailis E. Diamantis, and Thomas D. Grant, Of, for, and by the People: The Legal Lacuna of Synthetic Persons, Artificial Intelligence and Law, Vol. 25, No. 3 (2017), p. 277.
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Armin Krishnan, Killer Robots: Legality and Ethicality of Autonomous Weapons, Ashgate (2009), p. 105. Armin Krishnan, Killer Robots: Legality and Ethicality of Autonomous Weapons, Ashgate (2009), p. 105.
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Bernd Carsten Stahl, Responsible Computers? A Case for Ascribing Quasi-Responsibility to Computers Independent of Personhood or Agency, Ethics and information technology, Vol. 8, No. 4 (2006), pp. 205–213. Bernd Carsten Stahl, Responsible Computers? A Case for Ascribing Quasi-Responsibility to Computers Independent of Personhood or Agency, Ethics and information technology, Vol. 8, No. 4 (2006), pp. 205–213.
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Rafael Dean Brown, Property Ownership and the Legal Personhood of Artificial Intelligence, Information & Communications Technology Law, Vol. 30, Issue 2 (2021), p. 209. Rafael Dean Brown, Property Ownership and the Legal Personhood of Artificial Intelligence, Information & Communications Technology Law, Vol. 30, Issue 2 (2021), p. 209.
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Simon Chesterman, Artificial Intelligence and the Limits of Legal Personality, International & Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 69, Issue 4 (2020), pp. 822–3. Simon Chesterman, Artificial Intelligence and the Limits of Legal Personality, International & Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 69, Issue 4 (2020), pp. 822–3.
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Simon Chesterman, Artificial Intelligence and the Limits of Legal Personality, International & Comparative Law Quarterly Vol. 69, Issue 4 (2020), p. 823. Simon Chesterman, Artificial Intelligence and the Limits of Legal Personality, International & Comparative Law Quarterly Vol. 69, Issue 4 (2020), p. 823.
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Nadia Banteka, Artificially Intelligent Persons, Houston Law Review, Vol. 58, Issue 3. Nadia Banteka, Artificially Intelligent Persons, Houston Law Review, Vol. 58, Issue 3.
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Avi Gesser, Anna Gressel, and Robin Lööf, The UK School Algorithm Debacle: Five Lessons for Corporate AI Programs, Debevoise & Plimpton (Aug. 25, 2020). Avi Gesser, Anna Gressel, and Robin Lööf, The UK School Algorithm Debacle: Five Lessons for Corporate AI Programs, Debevoise & Plimpton (Aug. 25, 2020).
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Lawrence B. Solum, Legal Personhood for Artificial Intelligences, North Carolina Law Review, Vol. 70, No. 4 (1992), p. 1239. Lawrence B. Solum, Legal Personhood for Artificial Intelligences, North Carolina Law Review, Vol. 70, No. 4 (1992), p. 1239.
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Visa A.J. Kurki, A Theory of Legal Personhood, Oxford Scholarship Online (2019), p. 176. Visa A.J. Kurki, A Theory of Legal Personhood, Oxford Scholarship Online (2019), p. 176.
15.
Zurück zum Zitat J. David Bolter, Artificial Intelligence, Daedalus, Vol. 113, No. 3 (1984), p. 5. J. David Bolter, Artificial Intelligence, Daedalus, Vol. 113, No. 3 (1984), p. 5.
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Joanna J. Bryson, Mihailis E. Diamantis, and Thomas D. Grant, Of, for, and by the People: the Legal Lacuna of Synthetic Persons, Artificial Intelligence Law Vol. 25 (2017), pp. 280–1. Joanna J. Bryson, Mihailis E. Diamantis, and Thomas D. Grant, Of, for, and by the People: the Legal Lacuna of Synthetic Persons, Artificial Intelligence Law Vol. 25 (2017), pp. 280–1.
Metadaten
Titel
New Issues Raised by AI
verfasst von
Jaemin Lee
Copyright-Jahr
2022
Verlag
Springer Nature Singapore
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1496-6_4