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2019 | Buch

New Metropolitan Perspectives

Local Knowledge and Innovation Dynamics Towards Territory Attractiveness Through the Implementation of Horizon/E2020/Agenda2030 – Volume 2

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This book explores the role of cities and the urban–rural linkages in spurring innovation embedded in spatial planning, strategic and economic planning, and decision support systems. In particular, the contributions examine the complexity of the current transitional phase towards achieving smart, inclusive and sustainable growth, and investigate the post-2020 UE cohesion policy.The main topics include: Innovation dynamics and smart cities; Urban regeneration – community-led and PPP; Inland and urban area development; Mobility, accessibility, infrastructures; Heritage, landscape and Identity; and Risk management, Environment and Energy.The book includes a selection of articles accepted for presentation and discussion at the 3rd International Symposium New Metropolitan Perspectives (ISTH2020), held at the University of Reggio Calabria, Italy on 22–25 May 2018. The symposium, which addressed the challenge of local knowledge and innovation dynamics towards territory attractiveness, hosted the final event of the MAPS-LED project under Horizon2020 – MSCA RISE.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Local Development, Inland and Urban Areas in Territorial Cohesion Strategies

Frontmatter
Evaluation Approach to the Integrated Valorization of Territorial Resources: The Case Study of the Tyrrhenian Area of the Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria

The paper deals with the topic of integrated territorial valorization strategies, presenting the first step of a research project on the case study of the Tyrrhenian area of the Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria. In a theoretical view that leads to rethinking European development models in areas characterized by considerable marginality, the paper copes with the weakness/opportunities of lagging areas and the vision of the territory as a system of social, cultural, economic, and natural features. The methodology is based on the definition of evaluative tools enabling the identification of effective and coherent concepts for understanding, and planning to enhance, territorial attractiveness. This preliminary stage of the project aims to verify the preconditions for the establishment of a local, attractive system, combining socioeconomic analysis, identification of thematic attractors, and the study of financial territorial allocation. The paper’s results contribute to the scientific debate on the role of the “knowledge phase” in the dynamics of sustainable development, highlighting critical elements and opportunities for implementing an integrated valorization strategy of the case-study area.

Giuseppina Cassalia, Carmela Tramontana, Francesco Calabrò
Disaster Management in the Inner Areas: A Window of Opportunity for National Strategy (SNAI)

The acceleration of negative demographic and economic trends brought on by cyclical recurrence of catastrophe in inner areas makes National Strategy developmental goals more challenging. The triggering role of disasters can instead be used to catalyze strategies and to introduce radical innovations. This paper presents a research design regarding the integration of risk reduction strategies within the development of National Strategy for Inner Areas (SNAI). An overview of the emerging question of natural hazards and disaster impacts on the inner areas introduces the main topic: the role of disasters within development path trajectory. Drawing from Transition Management and disaster and post-disaster management literature, the research design uses “window of opportunity” concept both as a bridge between theories and as an entry point for developing an analytical structure based on the concepts of development trajectory, transition, trajectory break and trajectory reshape. Finally the research aims and objectives are discussed in light of the ultimate goal of contributing to the resilience-building goal of the National Strategy.

Annalisa Rizzo
The Integrated Coast to Coast Development of Basilicata, Southern Italy

This study aims to highlight how the Basilicata “Coast to Coast” FLAG has an important role in local sustainable development actions using a bottom-up approach. The FLAG represents one of many significant innovative elements in the Lucanian coastal territory. New development activities stemming from European Sea Policies, favor the fishing and aquaculture sector and represents a driving force in economic development employment, tourism and social-culture growth along the Lucanian coasts with strong rural traditions.Integrated territorial planning approach is required using an intersectoral and multidisciplinary approach, and a variety of programming tools can be integrated in order to achieve common objectives. Informal and formal collaboration between the FLAG and the Lucanian LAGs is necessary in order to carry out joint projects which are able to connect the blue economy with other productive sectors.

Maria Assunta D’Oronzio, Mariacarmela Suanno, Domenica Ricciardi
Action Research and Participatory Decision-Aid Models in Rural Development: The Experience of “Terre Locridee” Local Action Group in Southern Italy

The increasing involvement of local stakeholders in planning processes implies the decentralization of decisional power through participatory activities which make it possible to define development strategies that take into account a wide variety of perspectives. This paper, in the context of Action Research, focuses on the planning process of a Local Action Plan (LAP) within the Leader Axis that involves stakeholders from 36 municipalities belonging to the “Locride” area, in Southern Italy. At the basis of the LAP is the principle of consultation and cooperation between public and private actors, in order to identify common paths of development, thus activating the latent potential of the territories and leveraging the real knowledge of local actors on the issues of the areas designated for intervention. In such a context, a decision-aid model based on a multicriteria method and a convergence process was used in order to control the escalation of conflicts that arose among different stakeholders in the identification of shared thematic areas to be included in the LAP. The results show that the conflicts were effectively managed, and that the main drivers commonly chosen for the development of the territory combine interventions related to the fields of agro- food and artisan products, the social context, and the historical and environmental landscape.

Claudio Marcianò, Giuseppa Romeo
Actors, Roles and Interactions in Agricultural Innovation Networks: The Case of the Portuguese Cluster of Small Fruits

The idea underpinning EIP-AGRI for linking producers and users of knowledge and promoting their interaction around problem-solving is well grounded on the evidence provided by the ‘innovation systems’ and related literature. Evidence gaps that matter to the implementation of the EIP-AGRI activities comprise the lack of knowledge regarding the best-fit network configuration for different farming systems and farming styles, and the nature and effectiveness of a facilitator function and role to bridge communication between researchers and farmers. This paper contributes with empirical evidence regarding the networks configuration best-fit for different farming system and farming styles, and provide insights on the facilitator relevance and its desirable profile, built on the study of a particular network: the Portuguese Cluster of small fruits (CSF). The small fruit sector is a novel sector in Portugal that has attracted in recent years a large number of new investors, in particular newly-established small-scale inexperienced producers. The insights provided by the CSF analysis emphasises that agglomeration economies based networks, which are very important in some agricultural sectors (e.g. fruit, wine) and in countries or regions where small-scale farms are significant, can in fact be the ground for knowledge and innovation networks in the sense wanted by the EIP-AGRI, since inclusiveness and facilitation functions are accounted for properly.

Lívia Madureira, Artur Cristóvão, Dora Ferreira, Timothy Koehnen
From Binarism to Polarism: On Rural Knowledge Outflows’ Role in Fostering Rural-Urban Linkages

As a worldwide phenomenon, rural-urban divide is the fundamental reason for socioeconomic disparities between rural and urban areas within the same region. To achieve sustainable regional development, it is important to foster rural-urban linkages so as to coordinate rural and urban development. This research is aimed to investigating the reasons for rural-urban divide and suggesting how to address it. To this end, based on literature review and the American context, the research first analyzes the ideology and the political economic dynamics behind rural-urban divide. Then, it looks into how a shift from binarism towards polarism can address rural-urban divide and at the meantime foster rural-urban linkages. Finally, with reference to empirical examples from Boston, the research discusses how rural knowledge outflows in the form of urban farming can contribute to the formation of rural-urban linkages.

Yapeng Ou, Carmelina Bevilacqua
Servitisation and Territorial Self Reinforcing Mechanisms: A New Approach to Regional Competitiveness

The present paper puts forward a theoretical model to explain the link between servitization and territorial competitiveness based on the situation in Italy. A key assumption of the model is that once the link between manufacturing and KIBS is established within a TES, there is a positive feedback between the increasing productivity (competitiveness) and the link between firms and KIBS, which becomes stronger and stronger triggering a self-reinforcing dynamic. This means that every evolutionary step of the system influences the next and thus the evolution of the entire system, so generating path dependence. Such a system has a high number of asymptotic states, and the initial state (time zero), unforeseen shocks, or other kinds of fluctuations, can lead the system into any of the different domains of the asymptotic states [1]. In other words, both the theoretical assumptions and the empirical model outlined in this paper demonstrate that when a functional relationship between manufacturing and services is established (servitization), economic performance is positive or very positive.

Domenico Marino, Raffaele Trapasso
Kratos 2020, Strategic Plan Great Valley of Crati River

Applied experience of democratic participation during a multi-agent integrated planning, organized from the bottom up in a territorial mosaic of Vast Area. The debate was feed through the weaker and local actors of governance (understood as “conversation”, landscape), feeding awareness, and improve of endogenous processes of sustainable development. The Strategic Plan as a conscious mode to dilate time, and not like a final goal, a spontaneous harmonious link between hierarchies of the territorial attraction centers. A polycentrism of continuity and proximity to the creation of a territorial identity that leans on the environmental and cultural strategy to is determine. A real experience inspired by non-deterministic theoretical scientific approaches (and subordinated to the result); but it based on democratic ideals, while respecting the role of the institutions, ensuring a high value to the cardinal principle of consultation between the government bodies at various levels and encouraging their participation in the territory in a planned and orderly manner in respect of all local actors. The experience is certainly interesting for today’s and future operators who will contribute to enhancing the sustainable development of the area, finding utopian guide and inspiration for democratization processes, with the hope that it can become a concrete best practice for developing good democracy and the determination of a coordinated and strategic planning of territories within the European Economic Space.

Ferdinando Verardi, Domenico Passarelli, Andrea Pellegrino
Sustainable Agriculture Development: Lacks on Law and Urban Plots

Sustainable development in agriculture is a central theme in the global world. Changes with dietary habits and population growth highlighted the importance of global sustainability as a criterion for achieving a more balanced development, both in rural communities and in cities. Technology and innovative practices will be the solution. So, this paper aims to give a multi-disciplinary perspective about sustainable development and demonstrate how the urban plots can contribute to the sustainable development in the cities. Furthermore, we hope to be able to provide a debate in the scientific community and open new perspectives for future research that can address the gap in legislation on these subjects.

Susana Campos, Alexandra Ribeiro, Micael Santos
Religious Fruition of the Territories: Ancient Traditions and New Trends in Aspromonte

The proposed work is intended to highlight certain routes born from a religious background that have become interesting from an environmental and naturalistic point of view. These routes can offer themselves within a framework of recovery and enhancement of local resources aimed at giving back to the communities concerned often forgotten testimonies of history and shared memory, fragments of life, literature, and art. The particular path of faith examined is that of the historical destination of the Sanctuary of the Madonna of the Mountain at Polsi in Aspromonte, long a place of devotion and faith. The objective of the work is to examine the conditions by which the pilgrimage can contribute even further to the creation of value and socio-economic development for the territories concerned, in a dual path that links together faith and the re-appropriation by the local community of places that have been contaminated and subjugated by the presence of the ‘ndràngheta, in order to promote virtuous processes of economic and social legality. This sees the Aspromonte as generator of sustainable development, of fair trade, of responsible tourism, and of ethical agri-food production.

Donatella Di Gregorio, Alfonso Picone Chiodo, Agata Nicolosi
The Network of the Villages of the Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria, a Complex Attraction in the Design of Quality and Safety of the Territory

The territory of the metropolitan city of Reggio Calabria is complex and fragile; a complexity derived from a territorial and social structure, the result of the millennial history of man’s work on a difficult nature, the result of which is a contamination between the natural environment and the anthropic elements that shape and structure the places. The fragility referred to the physical-urban dimension and to the aspects of the structure of the social structure, also concerns the management of services and public spaces, connections and urban and territorial infrastructures, as well as demographic aspects: many of these urban centers in the last decade have undergone abandonment and depopulation with values often above the national average.Interventions on a territory with these characteristics are therefore linked to a need to adapt to new needs and therefore in this specific case, to a change in the concept of efficiency closely linked to the notion of use, function and quality of space and places. Imagining the network of villages, the beating heart of this context, means thinking of a metropolitan area aimed at increasing the efficiency of services, spaces and commons. It means strengthening the cultural level of the community to create awareness and commitment towards the protection and enhancement of the identities of the places.Networking also means facilitating physical and social accessibility to places and services; this plays a fundamental role in the equilibrium of the metropolitan area because it affects the propensity of users to experience the metropolitan space in conditions of safety.

Natalina Carrà
Consumers’ Preferences for Local Fish Products in Catalonia, Calabria and Sicily

Research on public markets in small provincial towns is scarce, particularly on the role they play in maintaining a relationship with the local culture, environment and production. This paper examines consumers’ habits and preferences for food shopping in three European regions with respect to the purchase of fish products. The goal is to investigate consumers’ preferences for local fish to highlight the motivations that lead to different choices. A multiple correspondence analysis explores the motivations behind purchasing preferences, showing the complex process that drives individual consumer choices. Based on 504 interviews conducted in cities and areas adjacent to the cities of Girona, Reggio Calabria, and Lipari, we found no evidence of converging habits and homogenization on preferences. It supports the perspective in which the interplay between local culture and consumption of local products is strictly associated.

Agata Nicolosi, Nadia Fava, Claudio Marcianò
Campania Region Metropolitan Area. Planning Tools to Redevelop the Aversana Conurbation

The substantial modifications of cities and regions in recent history have raised important questions regarding their formation and organization. Such questions render it imperative to reread their form and structure, especially because they are so different from those inherited from the modern movement in architecture and urban planning. Contemporary cities and territories undergo processes of transformation of their urban organization in morphological terms as well as in terms of the social, political, economic and symbolic relationships determined by their constitution. These new urban models have caused traditional physical planning to be ineffective, with the consequential loss of identity of cities and regions. To a considerable extent, this phenomenon can be attributed to a lack of differentiation with their surrounding contexts, historically considered to be complementary to the city (also in a cultural sense). New rationalities govern such processes and as a result, new planning tools will be needed to address the new demand for territory. After outlining some distinctive features of metropolitan areas, this article proposes to identify homogeneous functional sub-areas within a broader metropolitan area. Such sub-areas could be instrumental in defining a structural plan that can act as an interface among the strategies of the Metropolitan Territorial Plan, the sub-regional area, and the planning/operational choices made by local municipal urban plans. The article presents the case-study of the Aversana area to the north of Naples, framed within the more complex planning of metropolitan areas. The proposal is coordinated also with Kipar’s plan set forth in the Regi Felix [1] project for the environmental recovery of the Regi Lagni which is the north border towards Casertana conurbation.

Salvatore Losco, Gianfranca Pagano
The Role of Social Relations in Promoting Effective Policies to Support Diversification Within a Fishing Community in Southern Italy

Small-scale fishery in Southern Italy is exposed to increasing pressure from changing economic, institutional and environmental conditions. Diversification strategies to accompany the changes will require the support from effective institutions, where fishermen are given a central position and an active role. To explore the strength of the social fabric of the fishing community and its ability to sustain the needed institutional innovation, this article analyses the type of relationships that fishermen declare to entertain with their colleagues. Data collected by interviewing twenty-five fishermen, distributed across the five ports of the area, are used to create social network representations of the revealed acquaintance, information sharing and trust relationships. The discussion on the results is contextualized in the evolving institutional and legal setting associated with the new European Common Fishery Policy. While the current level of sharing managerial information is low, we find that there is sufficient trust among fishermen across the five ports to support increased cooperation, an essential requirement – in our opinion – to enable a small-scale fishery community to respond to the emerging sustainability challenges.

Monica Palladino, Carlo Cafiero, Claudio Marcianò
Measuring the Tourism: A Synthetic and Autocorrelate Index for Italy

Tourism is a phenomenon that in many Italian provinces, especially in southern Italy, is particularly important in the contribution to collective well-being. Moreover, data measured in a specific area (or province) can be influenced by what happens in nearby areas, generating what is commonly called “spatial autocorrelation” or “spatial interdependence”. This study is aimed at identifying a composite “systemic” index to measure the impact of tourist goods and others determinants can make to collective well-being in the provincial context through a composite index through the BES methodology (Equitable and Sustainable Well-being) and to analyze possible spatial autocorrelations between Italian provinces.The method of construction of the index followed these steps:(1)analysis of the theoretical framework, methodology used and indicators;(2)choice of the statistical methodology(3)statistical analysis: in order to assess the robustness of the identified method and, therefore, improve decision-making, we also completed an influence analysis to analyze the most significant indicators (software COMIC - COMposite Indices Creator)(4)discussion of the results with the help of a georeferenced map of the synthetic touristic index of Italian provinces and a Cluster Map LISA which shows the provinces with statistically significant values of the LISA index, classified by five categories: (a) Not significant (white); (b) High-High (red); (c) Low-Low (blue); (d) Low-High (light blue); (e) High-Low (light red) (software GeoDa).

Domenico Tebala, Domenico Marino
A Flexible and at “Variable-Geometry” Planning for Italian Metropolitan Cities: The Case of Reggio Calabria and the “Area dello Stretto”

The Law No. 56/2014 provided for the constitution of 14 metropolitan cities in Italy and established that the boundaries of these should coincide with those of the old Provinces. This choice has generated various perplexities since an institutional fixed border risks not to correspond with the geographical and territorial realities; in fact, today there are Metropolitan Cities under-dimensioned with respect to the real extension of the metropolitan area and others whose perimeter goes far beyond the metropolitan area, including also large rural territories and park areas. The thesis we intend to develop in the paper is that the boundaries of a metropolitan area may vary depending on the point of view, i.e. the role and meaning assigned to the metropolitan city and the goals that its institution must pursue; that is, if the metropolitan city is an instrument to optimize the relational flows within the territory between the central urban area and its hinterland (as it was conceived in the past) or, on the contrary, as the urban policy of the European Union seems to indicate, if its main role is to be a “development engine”, a privileged place for research and innovation. However, the need to keep the two aspects together, to foster economic development and to reorganize the territory in functional terms, requires the construction of flexible planning systems, capable of responding to the complexity of the required objectives and taking into account that different goals may correspond to different territorial boundaries; a plan that the paper indicates as at “variable geometry” and that concerns both territorial and strategic planning.

Giuseppe Fera

Mobility, Accessibility, Infrastructures

Frontmatter
The Rehabilitation of Some Historical Urban Port Areas in Sardinia

Due to the approval and implementation of the Regional Landscape Regulatory Plan (PPR), in Sardinia most of the attempts to transform the shorelines with settlements have stopped. The only places in which these transformations are allowed are urban areas, often with ports: so urban waterfronts have become a place for projects and programs, which not always are real outcomes of urban policies or strategic plans. Nor these projects and programs privilege the intervention on public open spaces rather than on buildings, and buildings are often reduced to mere ‘containers’ or sometimes, exhibitors of the griffe by a starchitect. Another effect of the PPR is that it has imposed to restart the process of municipal urban plans, which is still in progress, and the redesign of the urban waterfronts is one of the most important opportunities to be seized.The essay analyses some urban regeneration projects related to urban historical ports in Sardinia (Cagliari, Olbia, Porto Torres, La Maddalena, Alghero), from both the viewpoints of urban policies and design.

Alessandra Casu
3D Mapping of Pavement Distresses Using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) System

The aim of road surface monitoring is to detect the distress on paved or unpaved road surfaces. Depending on the types of surface rupture, required parameters are measured on-site to determine the severity level of the road damage. Local infrastructure engineers and supervisors must therefore optimize their resources when monitoring road conditions and scheduling maintenance activities. Automation of road surface monitoring process may result in great monetary savings and can lead to more frequent inspection cycles, for this reasons departments of road maintenance, repair and transportations have become more interested in using automatic systems for pavement assessment. The scope of the presented work is the performance evaluation of a UAV system that was built to rapidly and autonomously acquire mobile three-dimensional (3D) mapping data to identify pavement distresses.

Giovanni Leonardi, Vincenzo Barrile, Rocco Palamara, Federica Suraci, Gabriele Candela
The Myth of Pedestrianisation or the Reasons of Hierarchy

The rediscovery of the functional and symbolic role of environmental networks, cycling and pedestrian paths, and open spaces, particularly in the urban realm, leads to an increasing sensitivity to the discontinuity of territories generated by the main mobility networks. Thus, an instance of domestication emerges, resulting in transformation strategies of large mobility infrastructures - or their portions - into multi-functional pedestrian spaces. However, pedestrianisation interventions have not been completely defined within a theoretical system that clearly establishes modes and conditions of implementation. This article aims to point out how the conditions of hierarchy constitute a supporting tool for controlling and verifying the project of pedestrianisation. The article focuses on a concrete case of modification of an urban road network: the transformation of a portion of an important distributor road in the urban area of Cagliari into a pedestrian space. This analysis uses the fundamental conditions of hierarchy as a tool to assess to what extent the modification of the road network articulation has resulted in conditions of lesser inter-connectivity, legibility and functionality.

Alfonso Annunziata, Carlo Pisano
Tourist Flows and Transport Infrastructures: Development Policies for the Strait Airport

This research study, after having focused on the importance of an airport structure and the opportunities that this could generate especially in the context of the tourist accessibility of an entire area, falls in the case of the airport of the “Tito Minniti” Strait of Reggio Calabria, for some years now the subject of a drastic decrease in turnout and loss of interest from a political point of view. Through a series of analyzes, focused on tourist users coming from the surroundings of the Milanese capital which has the Aeolian Islands as their destination, we will propose an evaluation of scenarios focused on the Milan-Lipari section. The goal is to demonstrate how, among the potential of the airport structure of Reggio Calabria, there is to capture the tourist flows that call at other airports (Naples, Catania and Palermo on all) being able to offer very competitive itineraries both in terms of costs but above all extremely convenient from the point of view of travel time.

Claudio Zavaglia, Jusy Calabrò, Raffaele Scrivo
The Port-City Interface

Assuming that waterfront have always been special places “where land and water meet” [1] nowadays they are mostly places for urban renewal, where conflicts and debates, about what their role should be within the urban context, emerge. The “port-city interface” aims at explaining the spatial, institutional and socio-economic relations occurring between cities and ports; evaluating new approaches to take into consideration urban regeneration initiatives where different functions compete causing often urban decay. Particularly, factors of success will be highlighted to address urban regeneration initiatives, toward sustainable approaches, in those sensitive, complex urban areas, for development. The “interface” [2], where port and city communicate, is often a ground characterized by competition, but it could also be a possibility for both city and port to grow. The comparison among selected case studies highlights the dynamics involved into those places, from the spatial, institutional and socio-economic points of view, in order to provide a useful framework for the decision-making process performing between port and city related areas. The possible interaction could enhance the innovation and sustainability attempts of regeneration initiatives in those peculiar places, providing added value for the whole urban system [3].

Jusy Calabrò, Alessandro Rugolo, Angela Viglianisi
From ‘Highway into Greenway’: How Public Spaces Change Zoning Regulations
The Case of Northend Park Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy, Boston, USA

The case study presented in this paper is a manifestation for an urban regeneration project that transformed a Highway into a Greenway. The first part aims to understand the contextual background of the highway regeneration Project, and it analyses the key factors of the long-debated land use and how the public authorities mandated the development of open public places as a policy. The second part, entails the rebirth of the Public Space as part of the Rose Kennedy Greenway where the role goes beyond the semantics from just a park towards being considered the front porch of the city oldest Neighborhood, the Northend. The last part analyses in depth the cultural programming of the Public Place and its character as a livable destination in the heart of the Downtown district. The methodological approach uses a public Life Matrix of evaluation to identify users’ behavioral patterns through intercept surveys, frequency of social activities through intensive three months long physical observation analysis, and lastly in-depth interviews with local Stakeholders, related Governmental bodies and Boston development and planning authorities. The findings highlighted a tendency that community involvement in the planning and placemaking process helped inform the Public Policy about the needs of surrounding neighborhood residents; as well as, emphasize the Public Private Partnerships in successful urban regeneration projects such as the case of the Northend Park.

Israa H. Mahmoud, Bruce Appleyard, Carmelina Bevilacqua
Villa San Giovanni Transport Hub: A Public-Private Partnership Opportunity

Transport is the foundation of sustainable economic growth and development. When well balanced, transport greatly facilitates economic and social development, as it allows the free movement of people, goods and services. This paper estimates the potential opportunities for a Public-Private Partnership to deliver efficient transport infrastructure and services for a new transport hub in the city of Villa San Giovanni, which lies in an excellent geographic position and possesses several other strengths. The area is very attractive from an economic point of view because of its privileged position on one of the most scenic natural areas of Italy: the Strait of Messina. Planning would need to be strategic, and Public-private Partnerships are a special feature of governance. Urban transformation projects are very complex and have to be examined from several points of view (socio-cultural, environmental, infrastructural, administrative, and economic-financial) to determine their sustainability, especially in Villa San Giovanni. This paper illustrates a synthetic evaluation method to assess the renewal potential of the railway station in Villa San Giovanni and the spatial and urban regeneration opportunities that would follow. In addition, it aims at building a conceptual framework to support decision makers in selecting the best Public-Private Partnership model for the development of a transport hub. This paper presents a working model of participatory management, based on PPP, which serves the purpose of supporting Public Administrations in managing the urban regeneration processes more efficiently.

Angela Viglianisi, Alessandro Rugolo, Jusy Calabrò, Lucia Della Spina
Road Degradation Survey Through Images by Drone

Early detection and measurement of the distresses are necessary to keep the pavement functions at an acceptable level and to pledge the safety users. The use of digital photography in order to record pavement images and, later, to identify the surface distresses has undergone continuous improvements during recent years. Image measurement methods are effortless, safe, and can be performed in a short time. In this paper, an image processing measurement is presented to locate potholes and cracks on the pavement surface through pictures by drone.

Giovanni Leonardi, Vincenzo Barrile, Rocco Palamara, Federica Suraci, Gabriele Candela
Gis Based Multi-criteria Decision Analysis for the Streamlining of the Italian Network of Minor Airports

Alongside the general growth of air traffic in Primary-level airports of each country, since the 1990s the popularity of “individual” (private), General Aviation, non-scheduled “point to point” flights all over the world and in Italy increased. They have proved to be a valid alternative to rail and road transport for short-medium-distance journeys (for different classes of business and tourist passengers). Taking into consideration the national and international airport system development scenarios, the paper illustrates the results of in- depth analyses carried out aiming to build up a full integrated GIS-based Multi-criteria Decision Analysis evaluation methodology. This is geared towards formulating strategies for the development and streamlining of the 51 existing Italian minor airport network and for the identification of the right locations for new hubs that could be required for the construction of an efficient second-level air transport network (the “Highway in the Sky”). The methodology is implemented according to different evaluation levels that verify: the suitability of air- port services and infrastructure (status quo) and the attractiveness of airport hubs given the territorial facilities found in their catchment areas.

Maria Rosaria Guarini, Anthea Chiovitti
Real-Time Update of the Road Cadastre in GIS Environment from a MMS Rudimentary System

The local authorities that are responsible for the management of road infrastructures must have by law a Road Cadastre by realizing one from scratch or updating the existing one. The Italian road network is spread over 160,000 km of state and provincial roads, so in the face of an efficient solution in terms of costs/performance, a rapid timetable is required for the data acquisition and the construction of the system. The elements of the territory represented in the GIS for the management of the Road Cadastre, on the one hand are characterized by the high mutability that affects both their position and the attributes necessary for classification; on the other hand, the integration of the GIS is only possible through a process of continuous and constant updating of the database. This note, taking up the experimental activities presented in [1] concerning the preparation of an MMS for automatic driving, uses only some of the equipment appropriately predisposed (GPS - GIS), integrating them with two low cost cameras. This in order to test a rudimentary MMS for the updating of the Road Cadastre that through the realization and implementation of suitable software allows to obtain appreciable and interesting results in terms of identification acquisition and transposition in real time on GIS system of elements of the territory for the management of the Road Cadastre. In fact, the proposed system allows real-time recognition (via computer vision) of road artefacts (drains, grids) and vertical signs, as well as the subsequent geo-referencing of acquired frames and automatic transposition in GIS environment (thanks to a dedicated software for updating of the Road Cadastre).

Vincenzo Barrile, Giovanni Leonardi, Antonino Fotia, Giuliana Bilotta, Giuseppe Ielo

Heritage, Landscape and Identity

Frontmatter
Assessing the Landscape Value: An Integrated Approach to Measure the Attractiveness and Pressures of the Vineyard Landscape of Piedmont (Italy)

The paper deals with an integrated evaluation methodology finalized to evaluate the landscape value of the UNESCO site “Vineyard landscape of Langhe, Roero and Monferrato” (Piedmont, IT). The methodology consists in the employment of a system of landscape indicators with the aim, on one hand, to measure the landscape value in economic terms and on the other hand, to examine the pressures exercised on the landscape and its components. The present evaluation model could be considered a feasible tool in the decision support system for the definition of territorial scenarios of change.

Vanessa Assumma, Marta Bottero, Roberto Monaco, Giulio Mondini
Intergenerational Discounting in the Economic Evaluation of Projects

The Social Discount Rate (SDR) is among the most critical parameters of the Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA), because it strongly conditions the results. In the case of economic evaluations, that is when the analyses are conducted from the point of view of the community, the SDR allows to make financially comparable the costs and the benefits that the investment generates over time. Thus, it influences both the “weighting” of the cash flows temporal distribution and the measure of inter-generational equity associated with the project. Extremely important issues for those interventions that display their effects on a very long time horizon. In these circumstances, the traditional discount procedures show limits because they end up excessively reducing the financial terms that occur over a certain period. A possible solution to this problem is the use of hyperbolic discount procedures through declining discount rate (DDR).In the present paper we intend to first outline in essential terms the theoretical framework of the approaches proposed in the literature for the estimation of the DDR. It is about the Consumption-Based Approach to DDRs and the Expected Net Present Value (ENPV). In the second part of the study a critical examination of the same approaches is proposed, in order to highlight their limitations and prominent theoretical aspects. These elements are useful to outline research perspectives for the characterization of an innovative model for estimating the declining discount rate, which can reduce at the same time the theoretical problems and the operational difficulties of the estimation methods currently used.

Antonio Nesticò, Gabriella Maselli
Real Estate Landscapes and the Historic City: On How Looking Inside the Market

The real estate capital is one of the most resistant forms of the process through which the social surplus product was consolidated, making possible the phenomenon of cities as a gradual layering of the “traces” of a settled community. The complexity and complementarity between homogeneity of the urban fabrics and heterogeneity of the architectural shapes led to the multiplicity of functions that properties play, encouraging the expectations of the players of its enhancement process: administrations, owners, large and small investors. This paper focuses on the interpretation of the urban pattern of the historic city through the analysis of the housing markets. The research deals with the case study of the town of Syracuse, a multifaceted urban context from several points of view. The formal and functional articulation of this real estate market justifies the use of different, layered and structured analysis tools to identify sub-markets, deepening the relationship between value/price.

Laura Gabrielli, Salvatore Giuffrida, Maria Rosa Trovato
Regional Development Policies in Italy: How to Combine Cultural Approaches with Social Innovation

Over the years, the cultural enterprises sector in Italy has been considered a field of confrontation for regional development policies and institutional reorganizations, with a twofold challenge: experience new entrepreneurial cultures borrowed from other policy fields and enhance a considerable (but hardly recognizable) cultural heritage and assets. This paper intends to analyze the current state of cultural entrepreneurial policy making in Italy by examining critical points in terms of its capacity to (1) produce value, (2) include youth and (3) promote inclusive forms of urban and local developments. By combining these three objectives, the paper aims to outline a general reflection on how innovative organizations and policy tools could be explored to promote a cultural innovation agenda for the country.

Andrea Billi, Luca Tricarico
Economic Sustainability in the Management of Archaeological Sites: The Case of Bova Marina (Reggio Calabria, Italy)

This paper deals with the issue of economic sustainability in the management of cultural heritage. The first part is dedicated to theoretical aspects, while the second part presents a case study of an archaeological area in the province of Reggio Calabria (Italy). Regarding the theoretical aspects, the question of economic sustainability is placed in the debate on the so-called New Public Management, and highlights which variables affect the economic balance in the management phase of a site starting from the nature of the management entity and of the activities carried out.

Carmela Tramontana, Francesco Calabrò, Giuseppina Cassalia, Maria Carlotta Rizzuto
PLUS Hub: A Cultural Co-creative Enterprise for Local Urban/Rural Regeneration

At European, national, regional and local level, several approaches are related to the Cultural and Creative Production System: new cultural districts, creative reuse of buildings and industrial sites, cooperation for common goods are becoming economic trends. This process is building the conditions necessary to encourage new cultural and creative industries especially in developing alternative forms of governance and management of resources for local regeneration. Considering this context, the research aims at responding to a yet open question in place-based regeneration policies and strategies: how the evaluation and urban planning process together with Cultural and Creative Production could convert economic austerity and cultural diversity in new local opportunities? The paper explains the “Community Branding (Co-Bra)” methodological approach for a learning and negotiation process that combines management models and multi-criteria/multi-group evaluation methods. Within the framework of Matera ECoC 2019, the case study of Pisticci (MT), the third-largest town in Basilicata (Italy), tested the Co-Bra method and started a cultural co-creative enterprise for urban/rural regeneration. The multidimensional approach together with a financial analysis, focused on the recognition of social, economic and cultural opportunities, provides strategies for both valorising cultural heritage and strengthening places network by a “community hub” with a multilevel governance: so-called “PLUS - Pisticci Laboratorio Urbano Sostenibile” (Pisticci Sustainable Urban Lab).

Gaia Daldanise, Maria Cerreta
Social Enterprise and the Development of Cultural Heritage Assets as Catalysts for Urban Placemaking

This paper aims to establish the value of urban cultural heritage sites to local population centres as a means to strengthen community bonds and form new hubs of social activity. Sympathetic, sustainable regeneration of such shared assets can often create opportunities for new forms of Social Enterprise, and their powerful historical identity can greatly assist with further placemaking within established urban environments.The Hotwalls Studios comprises thirteen self-contained artist’s studios and workshops housed within the historic casemate arches of Point Battery, a defensive fortification situated at the mouth of Portsmouth Harbour. As the centrepiece of the site, the studios have been deliberately designed as passive environments in which artists and visitors are encouraged to interact and engage with one another, with the goal of improving communities through cultural and social endeavours. The site now plays host to regular arts-based events, including exhibitions, seasonal markets and public activities. In the context of this recent project in Portsmouth, UK, we hope to demonstrate that such developments greatly benefit both heritage sites and local populations. Providing financial security, nurturing social and creative pursuits, encouraging sustainable design and reinvigorating communities with a new understanding of a shared historical and cultural identity, are all benefits of a framework which we believe can be successfully applied to many such sites throughout the world.

Deniz Beck, Samuel Brooks
Hypothesis for the Development of Identity Resources Surrounding the San Niceto’ Castle in the Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria

The study is aimed at developing a valorization proposal for a historically relevant area in the Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria by the use of the cultural identity of the territory. Specifically, a plan is proposed to manage the cultural heritage of the Barony of Saint Aniceto that starts from local production, and provides an integrated plan for the development of cultural identity. The method consists of a preliminary investigation of the data that led to the identification of effective tools for valorization actions. The next step involved the pre-feasibility study of the proposed project. The paper intends to demonstrate that a development project could be the possible way out of the view of culture as a marginal aspect of economic life but rather is based on the socio-economic policies for the development of a territory.

Immacolata Lorè, Tiziana Meduri, Roberta Pellicanò, Daniele Campolo
Using an Hybrid AHP-SWOT Method to Build Participatory Ecotourism Development Strategies: The Case Study of the Cupe Valley Natural Reserve in Southern Italy

Within Protected Areas, the Natural Reserves are intended to maintain the ecosystems, so environmental protection is the first objective of ecotourism, which is ecological tourism that does not disturb the environment. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the ecotourism development prospects of the Cupe Valley Reserve in Calabria, Southern Italy. Starting with an explanation of Protected Areas, the paper develops the concept of ecotourism, which allows local communities to benefit from this recreational activity. There follows a description of the area, its tourist flows, and the process that led to the establishment of the Nature Reserve. Then, the methodology section applies the hybrid A’WOT model, whereby various strategies can be formulated in order to weigh the elements that make up the SWOT analysis. The results show how the enhancement of natural resources has changed the economy of the local community, but they also highlight the political problems and obstacles that can impede the development process of the area. Therefore, the strategies are designed to take account of the opinions of the interviewed stakeholders, who represent the main categories of local actors in the entire framework of the Reserve, together with the municipalities and an environmental organization.

Salvatore Bianco, Claudio Marcianò
The Cultural Landscape of the Rocky Settlements of Calabrian Greek Monk

The research project starts from a survey of the hypogean sites, on the Ionian and Tyrrhenian coasts of the Province of Reggio Calabria, where traces of “Italian-Greek” monks can be found and which have contributed to the realization of a Cultural Landscape since the times of the first immigrations.Monks deeply influenced the culture of the places in which they settled due to their knowledge. They devoted themselves to manual work and working in the fields, teaching local populations the new agronomic techniques imported from the East.Consequently, in the vicinity of the monasteries, urban agglomerations were created, which reflected specific techniques of sustainable land-use, which took into account the characteristics and limits of the natural environment they were established in, and a specific spiritual relation to nature. The methodology used for the historical survey, starting from the bibliographic research, also focuses on research in the area through exploration on the territory and comparing the hypogeal and epigeal sites present in the provincial territory.

Daniele Campolo, Tiziana Meduri, Immacolata Lorè
The Rediscovery of the via Annia - Popilia from Capua to Reggio Calabria for Knowledge and Enhancement of the Cultural Route

The Mediterranean is witnessing the re-emergence of its role as the pulsating heart of the encounter and clash of cultures. The creation of a cultural path capable of highlighting the common cultural roots of the regions, surrounding it of exalting their positive values, can come to constitute an essential element for dialogue in the horizon of Mare nostrum.The Via ab Regio ad Capuam (known as Via Popilia or Via Annia) is the historic road built by Roman magistrates to join Rome to the Civitas foederata Regium, located at the furthermost tip of the Italian peninsula. Its course starts from the Via Appia, a few kilometres South-East of the ancient Capua, branching out through Nuceria, Salernum, the Vallo di Diano, the territories of Calabria and finally Reggio Calabria.The Via Annia Popilia may therefore represent an axis for sustainable development, the driver of cultural, social and economic growth of the centres it crosses and the territories connected to it in the Regions of Southern Italy (Campania, Basilicata and Calabria, facing the Tyrrhenian Sea, which flows into the Mediterranean), a Cultural Route of European breadth through which historic urban landscape, archaeology, architecture and arts can become the meeting point of popular culture and traditions, of oenology-gastronomy and music, of cultural tourism and active participation, both public and private. The Route mentioned should also relate to territorial excellences and, thus, to the cultural and natural Sites inscribed onto the UNESCO World Heritage List and to their respective Management Plans.

Rosa Anna Genovese
Strategic Collaborative Process for Cultural Heritage

Recent developments within national and supranational policies in Europe have come to understand cultural heritage as a “common good” that is pivotal to the sustainable development of territories and communities. In doing so, EU policies nudge member states to adopt participative approaches to development, to invest on citizens’ and stakeholders’ identification with the local cultural heritage, and to work together for its conservation.This article starts with a purview of the current debate, both in academia and in policy-making circles, about the interpretation of cultural heritage as common. In this context the article highlights the importance of the use the collaborative processes and defining/adopting approaches and tools for activating a strategic chain of “knowledge and planning”.The paper defines a framework - so called Strategic Value Chain for Cultural Collaborative Process - that highlights the potentials of using IAD Framework (by Elinor Ostrom) of collaborative processes together with Place branding, Place marketing and Community planning for sustainable and context-based urban transformation plans based on a shared cultural identity.This framework has been utilized to analyze the case study on the historic town of Faenza, in Italy, to highlight the successful points in the urban regeneration process based on cultural identity but also points to work on. For this reason the paper ends with a research follow up, highlighting a possible upgrade of the local process, thanks to approaches and tools’ implementation.

Eleonora Giovene di Girasole, Gaia Daldanise, Massimo Clemente
The Role of Cultural Heritage in Urban Resilience Enhancement

Place-based urban regeneration suggests the need of shift from a fragmented to a systemic model to understand the interrelation between sub-systems and the effects that a changing sub-system can pose on the others. In this context, urban regeneration strategies resilience oriented may include actions able to improve the economic, physical, social and environmental conditions and thus the human well-being of urban areas.The great quantity of information involved in the resilience assessment of urban systems require the use of Spatial Decision Support Systems (SDSS) that make possible to record, analyze and summarize data with different spatial and temporal resolution. In the present work, we described the structure of a framework for the Resilience and Disaster Risk Management. Particularly, we focused our attention on the identification of indices expressing the contribution of cultural heritage in making cities resilience toward natural hazards. These tools allow identifying replicable and scaling-up successful practices and converting the impalpable values of cultural heritage in measurable ones.

Roberta Iavarone, Ines Alberico, Antonia Gravagnuolo, Gabriella Esposito De Vita
The Urban Being Between Environment and Landscape. On the Old Town as an Emerging Subject

The landscape units of the Sicilian mountainous inland, as for the case of Petralia Soprana, are marked by the presence of ancient urban centres controlling the agricultural territory, from which they derived their own wealth, and to which they conferred landscape significance. The unity between economy and landscape has been interrupted by the radical transformation of the socio-economic structure and the technologic progress, which have eroded the consistency between structures and superstructures. We propose an assessment approach based on a synthesis of semiotic and phenomenological view. The approach mainly focuses on the basic concepts and contents of the valuation process that can be assumed as the theoretical premise for the operational tool.

Salvatore Giuffrida, Grazia Napoli, Maria Rosa Trovato
Cultural Strategies for Urban Regeneration: The Effects of Policies Implemented by European Capitals of Culture

The paper analyzes the role of art and culture in urban regeneration processes. The effect of cultural strategies upon thirty European cities previously designated European Capitals of Culture is appraised. The analysis was carried out by comparing two kinds of city profiles created by using data from social media (social profile) and data from travel guides (erudite profile). The results highlight a new approach to cultural strategies.

Marialuce Stanganelli
Utilizing Culture and Creativity for Sustainable Development: Reflections on the City of Östersund’s Membership in the UNESCO Creative Cities Network

Within the last few years, cities around the world have promoted creativity as a new resource for driving future development. As a result, a number of networks have emerged around this theme. The UNESCO Creative Cities Network (UCCN) is one such network that attempts to use creativity as a mechanism to achieve sustainable growth and development. The network has grown rapidly since its inception in 2004 and now has 180 members worldwide, all of which have adopted the UCCN guidelines and directives. In this paper, the authors explore if and how cities use their membership to implement sustainable development goals. The paper uses the northern Swedish city of Östersund as a case study, which has been an active member of the UCCN since 2010. Study findings indicate that membership in the UCCN has enabled Östersund to advance sustainability discourse at a regional level, as well as improve practice in a limited sense. At the same time, findings also identify a number of challenges for integrating sustainability objectives into the UCCN.

Wilhelm Skoglund, Daniel Laven
Make Public Spaces Great Again Using Social Innovation Reflections from the Context of Downtown San Diego as a Cultural District

This paper investigates the role of public spaces in spurring innovation and promoting entrepreneurial activities in Downtown San Diego urban context as a distinguished “cultural district”. The idea that in creative cities, flourishing human capital, when coupled with incremental quality of life, could be the driving vehicle to social innovation and economic prosperity. On that public spaces are a cross cutting phenomenon in a lifetime cycle, through which their success could be evaluated contextually based on their formation and implementation policies, and how they work-out to be social innovation catalysts. Hence, this paper studies contextually the Downtown San Diego Partnership (DSDP) and their role to activate and regenerate different public spaces in downtown area to foster economic development. Two successful exemplar cases are studied; to better understand the dynamics by which the cultural programming in urban parks through events occurrence in Downtown as vibrant cultural hub; as well as the focus on a co-working and incubator space as a successful case to explain the human capital attraction to the Downtown area. The conclusions draw on an evaluation matrix of analysis that investigates the Catchment area/Sphere of influence falling in San Diego Downtown area, and helps to reach the envisioned opportunities and the policy measures applied to foster social innovation in those public spaces, and evaluate the success or failure of the Downtown San Diego Partnership to boost the innovation ecosystem.

Israa H. Mahmoud, Carmelina Bevilacqua
Describing a Unique Urban Culture: Ibadi Settlements of North Africa

This paper examines the urban structure and architecture of the North African regions, which are characterised by the historical presence of Ibadism. This topic has a definite cultural frame, albeit with some differences across three geographical areas located in the Mediterranean Maghreb: the Island of Djerba in Tunisia, the region of Mzab in Algeria, and the Djabal Nafusa mountains in Western Libya. Although similar configurations can be found in different parts of the Mediterranean territories, in these particular regions, the need for protection and defence, such as the balanced use of natural resources, has played an emblematic role. From the 10th century onwards, in fact, Ibadi communities chose the hard conditions of these lands to preserve their cultural identity, even at the cost of their isolation. Guided by the desert climate and scarcity of natural resources, these peoples developed specific urban solutions, architectural forms and construction traditions.The objective of this research is to define and compare the main facets of settlements and architectural forms, with the purpose of understanding and verifying the cultural continuity.

Beniamino Polimeni
Conservation, Enhancement and Resilience of Historical and Cultural Heritage Exposed to Natural Risks and Social Dynamics

The recent earthquakes have highlighted a significant economic losses and a low resilience of communities, particularly in historic centers of the town. These effects are mainly due to the high vulnerability of buildings and the correlated economic system. The consequences of the long recovery time on social-economic-management issues are often dramatic. This study proposes an economic and social sustainability approach for the conservation and enhancement of historical and cultural heritage exposed to natural risks and social dynamics. This approach, which develops in three phases, is based on the part that here is detailed on the construction of different quantitative measures of community resilience. In this way, integrated retrofitting interventions and mitigation strategies should be considered and evaluated in order to define the most effective action plan to maximize the resilience.

Marco Vona, Benedetto Manganelli, Sabina Tataranna
A Multi-criteria Approach to Support the Retraining Plan of the Biancavilla’s Old Town

The historic town centre of our cities may be considered as a stratified and interconnected aggregate of values. Identifying these values for some of the possible configurations of components for a historic town centre is a complex task. This study proposes a cognitive, interpretive and evaluative model for the evaluation and choice of action in the redevelopment plan for a historic town centre, in order to locate amongst all possible redevelopment alternatives, those that best meet the prerequisites of sustainability. In particular, this study analyses the actions of the redevelopment plan for the Biancavilla’s historic town centre. The instrumental operational model for evaluation is of a multi-criteria type and in particular uses a MAUT approach. This multi-criteria approach allows for a ranking of the analysed alternatives on the basis of a set of criteria which take into account the sustainability of the interventions.

Maria Rosa Trovato
Historical Cultural Heritage: Decision Making Process and Reuse Scenarios for the Enhancement of Historic Buildings

In the last twenty years, conservation policies of cultural heritage have become key policies of the European community. This is due to two main factors: the importance attributed to the use of heritage, and the need to support the role of cultural values. More specifically, heritage is seen as cultural capital and as a potential driver for tourism, while cultural values have a crucial role in shaping the identity of territories because of their intrinsic value and their value as an investment for the cultural, social and economic development. Choosing among different alternative scenarios of reuse, valorisation and conservation of unused cultural heritage is generally a complex decision-making process, given the multidimensional nature of the scenarios and the wide set of values they represent.These decisions are not always consensual, also because the political choice on the potential use of the asset concerns the maintenance of its physical integrity, of its intangible values and of the economic development that can be achieved from its new functions.In this context, the paper proposes the use of Social Multi-criteria Evaluation (SMCE), a multi-dimensional approach applied to a real case study that can support the choice of possible reuse scenarios.

Lucia Della Spina
Cities and Cultures in Movement
A Pragmatic and Place-Based Approach to Social Integration

In Europe migration has become a prevailing topic in the 21st century and integration policies play an important role. Yet, the current outcome of social integration lags behind the ambitions such as stipulated in various policy documents, hinting to a theory-practice gap. In order to reverse the most negative social and spatial implications resulting from ineffective integration management, it is necessary to adopt an approach that can bridge the theory practice gap. The approach forwarded in this paper is one that is pragmatic, process-oriented and place-based. Evidenced by two examples, it is argued that practical interventions that take place on the local scale and involve multiple and diverse actors, have the potential to positively influence the migrants’ integration. Additionally, an intercultural collaboration can foster capacity-building, thereby improving a cities capacity to deal with complex spatial problems.

Bakary Coulibaly, Maurice Herkrath, Silvia Serreli, Valeria Monno
Unused Real Estate and Enhancement of Historic Centers: Legislative Instruments and Procedural Ideas

Private real estate in historic centers plays a key role in development dynamics as their efficient use is functional in the competitiveness of the territories they belong to. This estate is often neglected and with complicated ownership circumstances hardly compromising the implementation of evaluation plans. Generally, this paper aims to contribute to the debate on historic centers and has the specific goal to suggest those tools and preliminary procedures to help Administrations on the issue of private unused buildings within an integrated process of evaluation. We brought to light two approaches: one related to regulatory issues that define the available legislative instruments; the other one related to evaluative issues, which show the role of evaluation in finding out those preparatory instruments able to create integrated plans in terms of feasibility and sustainability of investment recovery. This should be realized with the help of private funds, so it is essential a benefit estimation.

Serena Mallamace, Francesco Calabrò, Tiziana Meduri, Carmela Tramontana
A Cultural Route on the Trail of Greek Monasticism in Calabria

The discovery of the greek origins of Calabria is critical to understand the cultural and social evolution of this Italian region. In some historical periods, the cultural richness of Calabria became landmark in the whole Europe for the production of precious codex, and gave birth to great philosophers and theologians. Further, the Greek culture, which was widespread in the area, has influenced the history of many regions across Europe.This project develops from a thorough analysis of an historical period that is not yet fully known and from the best practices of some European countries in the promotion of slow travel.Slow Travel and slow tourism have all the potential to use the cultural resources already existing in the territory through a sustainable repurposing of currently abandoned infrastructures.The creation of slow routes as greenways, velorails, etc., may result in the creation of a “Cultural Route” on the trail of Greek monasticism in Calabria.

Daniele Campolo, Francesco Calabrò, Giuseppina Cassalia
A Model for Defining Sponsorship Fees in Public-Private Bargaining for the Rehabilitation of Historical-Architectural Heritage

This paper proposes a model of support for public administrations aimed at determining the rates for the exploitation of image rights by those companies that intend to sponsor rehabilitation or restoration projects in order to enhance the historical and architectural heritage present in Italy. This model has been applied to the city of Salerno (Italy). Indeed, it was assumed that the municipal administration is looking for sponsors intent on financing the restoration works of four city monuments. Through the model it was possible to determine the amount of funding, to be paid by the sponsors, including the amounts necessary for restoration works and advertising costs. The advertising fees for the city of Salerno have been determined starting from those established by Naples Municipal and applied to similar cases of cultural sponsorship. The parameter used for the comparison is the average monthly number of attendances that characterizes each location (direct audience). The costs of restoration work, for each monument of Salerno, have been determined through expeditious bills of quantities.Finally, the total cost of sponsorship is equal to the sum of the restoration works costs and advertising costs.

Luigi Dolores, Maria Macchiaroli, Gianluigi De Mare

Risk Management, Environment, Energy

Frontmatter
Institutional Relations in the Small-Scale Fisheries Sector and Impact of Regulation in an Area of Southern Italy

This article is part of a broader study of the fishery system in a coastal area of Southern Italy. It presents a description of the main features of the fishing sectors in the five ports of the southernmost part of Tyrrhenian coast of the Reggio Calabria province, as derived from personal interviews to key informants. Such description contributes to an understanding of the key elements of the economic, social and political environment surrounding the small-scale fishery sector and its performance, both from a narrow economic and a broader development perspective. Further data, obtained by structured interviews to a sample of fishermen, provide information on the relations that fishermen entertain with cooperatives and other professional organizations. The main conclusion is that the system of such relations is still weak, heavily conditioned by some of the problems that resulted from the imposition, long time ago, of environmentally-motivated restrictions to the fishing activity in the area, which have all but been resolved. Lack of transparent, reliable information on the real environmental impact and sustainability of traditional practices contributes to create an environment that does not encourage active participation.

Monica Palladino, Carlo Cafiero, Claudio Marcianò
The Value of Water: an Opportunity for the Eco-Social Regeneration of Mediterranean Metropolitan Areas

The quantitative limitation policies, adopted for environmental, ecological and socio-economic aims, in the Mediterranean metropolitan areas, do not seem to have had the desired effect. In fact, the coercive restraining approach of the metropolitan public Authorities which have tried to impose ecological and cultural objectives collide with the expectations and concrete needs of the citizen. In this way, there is among the stakeholders the distorted perception for which the public and the private interests seem naturally contrasting elements such that the protection of one must necessarily result in the mortification of the other.On the contrary, the Mediterranean Water Sensitive Urban Planning research Project has assessed the hypothesis that the key to the effectiveness of the strategies aimed at ecology, safety and environment, both because of the evident multiscalarity and the potential multi-functionality of the issues and solutions, is in the ability to make the necessary actions consistent with the legitimate aspirations of the various stakeholders, especially when the low available financial resources impose stringent limits on public spending.

Alessandro Sgobbo
Post Carbon City: Building Valuation and Energy Performance Simulation Programs

Today, world carbon energy consumption has increased dramatically. The survival of the Earth is endangered by pollution, produced by excessive oil and carbon over use. The sector that consumes this 40% of total energy is construction which needs innovative models for integrated ecological- energy - economic forecast. The research set up an integrated model for the overall assessment of a building having alternative characteristics: sustainable, vs. unsustainable or Common or Business As Usual BAS. The research takes into consideration the energy consumption for the thermal management and climate metabolism of the buildings and the consequent impacts in terms of CO2 emissions. The results obtained validate the adoption of ecological cork panels for passivation and insulation in sustainable building vs. common. The research scientifically and accurately quantifying two alternative (sustainable vs. BAS) prototype buildings, comparatively testing three Energy Performance Simulation Programs (Energy Plus; Termus; Blumatica Energy) ascertaining the coherence and convergence of all their output and results.

Alessandro Malerba, Domenico Enrico Massimo, Mariangela Musolino, Francesco Nicoletti, Pierfrancesco De Paola
Ecological Resilience and Care of the Common House to Build the Landscape of Contemporaneity and Future Scenarios of Territories and Cities

The paper has its main base in the ecological vision of territory and city. It is linked to the holistic philosophy of social and spatial transformations. Transformations that involve attention to the short term but which must be connected to the medium and long term. This requires actions to act immediately, included in broad strategies. All this considering the territory and the city as “Common Good”, citing the 2015 Encyclical Laudato Sii for the Care of the Common House [1]. Thus going far beyond the idea of cities as “public space” and emphasizing the care of it, i.e. of its management. In this debate a very important contribution comes from scientific works that also require from a legal point of view the modification of the relationship between man and nature as done by F. Capraand U. Mattei U. Ecology of Law. Science, Politics, Common Goods [2] (Ecologia del diritto. Scienza, politica, beni comuni). The paper continues the research studies about the anthropization way, started in 1987, considering the so call “crisis” as opportunity for a radical change of it. It indicates a path in line with the landscape indications of the homonymous Florence Convention, a document particularly relevant for our country.

Stefano Aragona
Prioritization of Energy Retrofit Strategies in Public Housing: An AHP Model

The design and implementation of buildings energy retrofit strategies is a complex process involving a great number of decision variables and actors, especially when public housing is concerned. This complexity is exacerbated by stringent public budget constraints and lack of financial resources that make public housing energy retrofit currently a critical issue in Italy. In this context, multiple objectives related to energy saving, thermal comfort and conservation compatibility need to be pursued and multiple criteria approaches provide a proper theoretical and methodological framework to address economic, technical, social and environmental issues that characterize investments in energy saving and retrofit strategies.In this paper, we analyze different energy efficiency measures to be implemented in public housing and we propose an AHP (relative) model for multi-criteria prioritization of energy-retrofit strategies on public-housing existing stock.

Chiara D’Alpaos, Paolo Bragolusi
The Ex-ante Evaluation of Flood Damages for a Sustainable Risk Management

The present paper presents an integrated model for the ex-ante evaluation of flood damages based on “stage damages curve” as a decision support tool for public and private authorities in the sustainable management of risk areas.The proposed model aims to estimate the damage both at a micro-scale and on an extended area. In particular, the dynamics of flooding in flood areas and their effects on the degree of vulnerability of the different types of buildings are considered. The proposed model, already experimented in different territorial contexts, has been applied to the case of the Senigallia flood, which took place in 2014. The first results show that the approach based on damage curves applied to different types of exposed goods at a micro-scale can reliably estimate the damages to buildings. In contrast, the ex-ante estimation of indirect damages is still uncertain due to the difficulty of evaluating, according to reliable criteria, unique assets such as intangibles and cultural and environmental assets.

Francesca Torrieri, Alessandra Oppio
The Energy Performance in the Construction Sector: An Architectural Tool as Adaptation to the Climate Challenge

The building sector constitutes one of the most “energivore” sectors, which take part in the increase of the emission of the GES. Various energy policies carried out in several countries in the world show that it is possible to make important energy saving in this sector either by: seeking alternative energies (hydraulics, wind, solar) or by implementing the energy efficiency measures and laws (DPE, thermal regulation, taxes…), or by modifying the daily behaviors. The acts of heating, air conditioning, producing hot water or using devices household appliances constitute the first sections of energy consumption in a building. Designing a performant building is precisely controlling its environmental impact and optimizing the use of passive means with the purpose to reduce its Carbone Print. To decrease energy consumptions in the construction sector constitutes a true challenge to take up by the effective mobilization of all the involved actors, introduction and application of regulation frameworks, financial incentive, but also the support with the research actions and development.

Najoua Loudyi, Khalid El Harrouni
The Evaluation of the Economic Impact of University Campuses Energy Initiatives: The UPC Case Study

Whilst the academia has always contributed to the social and cultural development of the places in which they are located through a sense of civic responsibility, the emerging climate change challenge require a “glocal” engagement to foster the so called “third mission” also in the sustainability management of the campuses. The impacts of a sustainable campus policy by University are essential for remaining competitive and productive internationally while meeting the UN SDGs. Yet, they are notoriously difficult to quantify and often materialise over a number of years. Therefore, this study tries to find out a possible economic quantification of energy activities performed by the universities and to test the proposed over the Polytechnic University of Catalunia (UPC) via a cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) and an impact assessment analysis. This study provided valuable information about the economic impact of such activities on the local economy, enhancing the role of the university as source of social and economic growth. Indeed, despite the relative low percentage of investments with respect to the total annual budget, the repercussion in terms of employment, output and GDP have been important in the case of UPC. Moreover, it can be said that the induced effects of such initiatives are much more impacting than the investments themselves. Possible future researches can be focused on a guideline for a homogeneous data collection, trying to extend the number of universities considered and therefore have thresholds and influencing factors for each case study.

Lorenzo Uri, Patrizia Lombardi, Luigi Buzzacchi, Giulia Sonetti
A Contribution to Regional Planning Finalized for Fire Resilience

The study deals with a plan hypothesis for a sustainable development in the inner region of Barigadu (Sardinia), based on the prevention of fires.Common aspects of all fires are the abandonment of the territory and the lack of properly managed agro-pastoral practices, which favor the formation of highly flammable plant material which, together with an increase in the High Temperature Day (HTD) and the decrease in annual averages of rain, leads to increasing the probability of triggering fires and the areas they can affect.The work provides a forecast model (burn probabilities) in the current conditions, a set of practices based on land use, seen both in terms of fire prevention and in terms of improving the socio-economic conditions, and a simulation of the burn probabilities if the proposed plan was implemented.

Alessandra Casu, Marco Loi
Urban Spaces and a Culture of Safety

Cities have to be more inclusive and put citizens at the base of development projects, interpret their needs by relating their civic sense and their perception of urban quality and train and educate to safety with precise information actions but above all with the design of quality public spaces. The recent planning experiences of some European cities show us that it is possible to introduce quality in the connective space thanks to a different cultural approach and under the pressure of innovative territorial tools, attentive to the quality of urban facilities in the constant search for urban safety and security. The spaces designed for mobility are the main component of the public space, where transport and pedestrians perform their functions of walking and socializing. They are urban places with multiple uses that have to favor social relationship contributing to create a sense of safety and inclusion within the urban context. Moving, walking, socializing are activities that must be carried out serenely and in conditions of comfort because these are above all the indicators of the civilization of a society that make one perceive the feeling of self confidence.

Antonio Taccone
ECOSITING: A Sit Platform for Planning the Integrated Cycle of Urban Waste
The Case of Study of the City of Rome

Urban planning has long been introduced into the territorial classification elements as belonging to integrated waste cycle management. Within such framework, types of urban hygiene are defined and described. In particular, the General Regulatory Plan of the City of Rome has established that areas and facilities for separate collection of waste belong to the secondary urbanization works to be identified by executive planning, as well as for temporary collection, compacting and conveying inert and bulky waste.The aim of this research is to find a shared method of selection and siting of areas compatible with the various “objects” of the integrated cycle: decentralized territorial offices, municipal collection centers, reuse centers, eco-plots, urban waste valorization plants, defined as nodes, spots, targets for a GIS based planning method. This study proposes the translation into an algorithm of operational research the needs of localization of areas to be used for infrastructure and urban hygiene, taking into account the structural and authorization factors, but also the anthropic factors. Once a sufficiently populated territorial database has been set up, thematic cartographies are developed as a decision support in the integrated cycle planning, moving away from subjective and improvised methods.From the General Regulatory Plan, the Solid Waste Urban Planning is completed so that its infrastructure can be integrated as much as possible with the urban and living needs of the citizens, reporting the operations and activities related to waste cycle within the daily metabolism of the city organism.

Roberto Panei, Giovanni Petrucciani, Dario Bonanni, Patrizia Trovalusci
Boosting Investments in Buildings Energy Retrofit: The Role of Incentives

More than 40% of the EU building stock was built before 1960 and 90% before 1990. It is common wisdom that older buildings typically exhibit greater energy demand than new ones. The renovation of existing buildings is therefore a cornerstone in the reduction of energy consumption and relative CO2 emissions under the post-carbon city paradigm.In the present work, we analyze various energy retrofit strategies, evaluate their impact on buildings energy performance and determine their relative cost-benefit tradeoffs to address the multiple benefits of renovations and the financial barriers to their implementation and taking up.Aim of the paper is to identify cost-effective energy retrofit strategies which match technological advancements and knowledge in energy retrofitting with environmental needs and end-user’s behavior. To determine how far (and how much) it is optimal to push on retrofitting of existing buildings, we investigate the role of incentives and their impacts on private investment decisions.

Marta Bottero, Chiara D’Alpaos, Federico Dell’Anna
The PrioritEE Approach to Reinforce the Capacities of Local Administrations in the Energy Management of Public Buildings

In the Mediterranean area most of the public authorities need to enhance their institutional capacity in the field of Energy Efficiency (EE) and use of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) in order to contribute to the Energy Performance of Buildings and the Energy Efficiency Directives, developing solutions suited to various regional contexts. The PrioritEE project, funded by the Interreg MED programme, aims at reinforcing the capacities of public administrations in selecting and implementing eco-friendly and cost-effective energy planning measures. This paper aims to describe the main efforts carried out by local public authorities and professional institutions from five MED countries (Italy, Portugal, Spain, Greece and Croatia) in order to reduce energy consumption and prioritize EE investments in Municipal Public Buildings (MPBs). In particular, it focuses on the methodological framework describing the main components of the proposed toolbox, the main objectives and expected outcomes but also the current achievements and the way forward.

Monica Salvia, Sofia Simoes, Norberto Fueyo, Carmelina Cosmi, Kiki Papadopoulou, João Pedro Gouveia, Antonio Gómez, Elena Taxeri, Filomena Pietrapertosa, Karlo Rajić, Adam Babić, Monica Proto
Planning for Climate Change: Adaptation Actions and Future Challenges in the Italian Cities

Climate change is a prominent concern of the 21th-century daily life so much that cities worldwide have been widely engaged in contrasting it. In this scenario, urban resilience is becoming one of the top priorities of development agendas and a guiding principle of the policy governance of contemporary cities. This paper discusses the spread of the urban resilience paradigm within the field of Italian spatial planning focusing in particular on the national approach to adaptation and the recent - and unique - experiences of Bologna and Ancona local plans. The cases are discussed about their approach to adaptation within the academic debate on climate change and to their contents and procedures. The paper puts light on one side on the fundamental role of cities to be pivotal to contrast the climate change and on the other side on the implications of adaptation in the local policy-making processes advancing future challenges for Italian spatial planning.

Grazia Brunetta, Ombretta Caldarice
Contemporaneity of Floods and Storms. A Case Study of Metropolitan Area of Reggio Calabria in Southern Italy

The environmental balance is being increasingly altered by mankind’s direct and indirect actions. Waterproofing of territory and continuous climate change are amongst the main factors of hydrogeological risk. In the presence of complex orographies and particular geographical exposure, meteorological phenomena can have devastating consequences. Calabria, located in the southern part of Italy, stands at the confluence of the Tyrrhenian and Ionian Seas and is particularly exposed to such phenomena. Its unique geomorphological formation makes it subject to flooding and sea storms that have revealed the fragility of its territory. When such phenomena occur concurrently, the effects can be devastating, both in terms of infrastructure damage and inconvenience to the local population, as downstream flooding interacts with wave run-up. We will analyze the history of contemporary flooding and storms in the Metropolitan Area of Reggio Calabria, which is located in the south of Calabria and in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea. Two case studies will be illustrated, one relating to the Ionian coast and the other to the Tyrrhenian coast.

Giuseppe Barbaro, Olga Petrucci, Caterina Canale, Giandomenico Foti, Pierluigi Mancuso, Pierfabrizio Puntorieri
Environmental Assessment of a Solar Tower Using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

That renewable energy technologies, particularly in the production phase, are currently those that generate a lower environmental impact compared to traditional fossil fuel systems is now well-established. Despite this, many studies fail to include an evaluation of the impacts generated by systems designed and built for energy production over their entire life cycle. The aim of this paper is to provide, with the aid of LCA, a preliminary environmental assessment of a solar power tower.

Fausto Cavallaro, Domenico Marino, Dalia Streimikiene
Off-site Retrofit to Regenerate Multi-family Homes: Evidence from Some European Experiences

The research of new ways to make cities more sustainable has become a central theme in the international agenda. The focus is on retaining, refurbishing and recycling the existing components of the city, converting the current linear economy model into a circular one in the urban sphere. Many economic sectors are moving straightforward in this direction, but construction industry does not seem to be focused on this goal. Representing one of the main responsible of waste production and energy consumption, the construction industry has to undertake a radical change of perspective along with a new social, cultural, and economic interest to regenerate the existing city in a sustainable way. The aim of the research is to highlight how to industrialize the construction industry in a sustainable way. This can be performed through off-site retrofit interventions, where all components are realized in the factory and assembled in situ, guaranteeing at the same time high performance, long lasting interventions and a big aesthetic variety. The paper critically analyses some European case studies through which it is possible to consider and to evaluate the relevance in terms of building components and the business model.

Alessia Mangialardo, Ezio Micelli
Economic Value Assessment of Forest Carbon Sequestration and Atmospheric Temperature Mitigation in the Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria (South Italy)

Forest CO2 sequestration and effective atmospheric temperature mitigation, two important aspects of the global warming mitigation strategy, are evaluated for the forested area of the Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria (South Italy). Carbon Stock in different living (above- and below-ground biomass) and non-living (litter, necromass, and soil) pools, along with Carbon Flux, is estimated using a ground-based method that relies on National Forest Inventory data. The results are compared with those analogously estimated in a Northern Italian area (Trento Province) and both the similarities and the differences found in the way carbon gets into the diverse C-pools are discussed. C-Flux estimated values are also reported and discussed. An analysis of the qualitative composition of our Southern forest stands indicates that they are dominated by broadleaf trees, which are capable of effective atmospheric temperature mitigation. The contribution to the mitigation of global warming via CO2 sequestration, although relatively low, is nevertheless noteworthy (15.000 Gg of C). Moreover, the economic values of this environmental asset are remarkably high, even when a low C-emission-trading market price is considered. Therefore, there is an urgent need to protect this forested area from negative human impacts (pollution, illegal cutting, and fires), while developing sustainable ways of exploiting it (e.g. by FSC-certification and Carbon Credits).

Fortunato Alfredo Ascioti, Vincenzo Crea, Giuliano Menguzzato, Claudio Marcianò
Montalto di Castro - Sustainable Tourism as an Opportunity for Urban and Environmental Regeneration

The goal of this paper is to carry out an in-depth analysis of the tourism sector in Montalto di Castro, aimed primarily at identifying issues that have led to the current critical situation in tourist services and facilities, with a view to devising a project of sustainable tourism development and enhancement that highlights both its existing strengths and defines new strategic assets, through both tradition and innovation. Therefore, after analysing the area of Montalto di Castro, potential enhancement strategies will be prepared, to implement through projects in line with established objectives. In particular, the enhancement project will focus on strengthening and upgrading the whole environmental system made up of the River Fiora and the surrounding area. This will take place also through the systemisation of historical artefacts found throughout the territory and its wooded areas, by developing a set of outdoor trails and cultural routes for sports and recreational activities. The project will improve access and usability of the River Fiora for both tourists and local residents through the introduction of environmental recovery and upgrading processes and the creation of walking and cycling paths in line with a vision of sustainable tourism.

Maria Rita Schirru
Evaluation of Benefits for Integrated Seismic and Energy Retrofitting for the Existing Buildings

Currently, a significant part of the residential building stock has been built without modern provisions for earthquake resistance and energy efficiency, resulting in high seismic vulnerability and very expensive management and environmental cost due to low energy performance buildings. An integrated approach to seismic and energy retrofitting is need to reduce the effects seismic events and energy consumption. In this work, the economic effects of the seismic events are evaluated for existing Reinforced Concrete buildings are considered. The energy performances of buildings are also evaluated. Then based on an integrated approach, the seismic and energetic Expected Annual Loss is evaluated. It is obtained combining both the cost of the seismic risk consequence and energy cost. Finally, the economic feasibility is based on the global Economic Feasibility Index.

Benedetto Manganelli, Monica Mastroberti, Marco Vona
Carbon Sequestration by Cork Oak Forests and Raw Material to Built up Post Carbon City

Over the last few decades, there has been widespread awareness that global warming is linked to the introduction of CO2 into the atmosphere from the use of fossil fuels. Urban areas play a very important role in CO2 emissions. Cork, a natural and renewable material (which in itself is the result of a storage of C) can effectively contribute to improving the quality and the insulation of buildings, reducing energy waste, preserving environment, saving landscape [20, 21], the design of the post-carbon city [12–17, 25]. The increase in the area occupied by the cork oak forests would increase the storage of carbon in a permanent way, as the use of cork does not compromise the forest resource and does not involve the introduction into the atmosphere of CO2: indeed its use in thermal insulation of buildings reduces CO2 emissions for domestic heating and cooling. Cork oak forests take on a multi-functionality that includes economic, environmental and landscape values. Their protection requires the adoption of a territorial governance that takes into account the commitment to lower down climate change.

Giovanni Spampinato, Domenico Enrico Massimo, Carmelo Maria Musarella, Pierfrancesco De Paola, Alessandro Malerba, Mariangela Musolino
Ecological Networks in Urban Planning: Between Theoretical Approaches and Operational Measures

The ecological network can be considered in different ways: as a strictly interrelated system of habitats, as parks and protected areas network, as a multi-purpose ecosystemic scenario, as a sequence of natural, rural and open landscapes. Nevertheless, all the interpretations of natural landscapes not always have been considered in the lexicon of urban and regional planning, relegating natural and rural areas to an “inessential” role (and generically defining them as “in state of pre-urbanisation”).This contribution reflects about the ecological meaning of landscape, and therefore about its primary ecosystemic role, introducing a review proposal of the current programs and planning paradigms, highlighting its importance in the economic, entrepreneurial and policy debates in Europe. The main objective is promote new clear and specific local planning regulations, direct to the project of new ecological corridors with a more and useful consideration of the binominal value “landscape-biodiversity”, and in general of the “natural-rural-urban” correlation, as an essential condition for defining a new vision of sustainable urban and regional development.

Angioletta Voghera, Luigi La Riccia
The Urban Question in Seismic Risk Prevention. Priorities, Strategies, Lines of Action

The widespread inability to correctly perceive risk favors a discontinuity of interventions for securing urban centers and territories and does not facilitate a correct social demand for seismic prevention, even in the most dangerous areas. However, in the face of a weak culture of prevention, seismic risk can be considered an opportunity to increase urban quality in an integrated creative effort and the systemic logics that the security requires can have interesting repercussions on the quality of common spaces and the overall connective. The urban safety project is also an opportunity to create an urban network of safe places in areas with a high seismic and environmental risk, both natural and cultural. Designing urban security, in fact, also means enhancing the cultural level of the community to create awareness and commitment on the concept of the common good. Moreover, the topics of territorial prevention and defense are closely linked to the search for a fine balance between the protection of the historical and identity heritage and the process of renewal and regeneration of the city. The Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria could represent, in this sense, the engine of effective programming and strategic planning tools, and could host a “prevention for safety” laboratory designed as a place to open up a more focused debate on the relationship between coexistence with risk and quality of urban planning. Lastly, the invitation is to support the institutional nature set of seismic adaptation measures and the accountability of the world of technical professions for a vast and coordinated set of social actions, to activate urban laboratories, active civic networks, also at the district level, for the affirmation of a culture of prevention.

Concetta Fallanca
The Ecological Challenge as an Opportunity and Input for Innovative Strategies of Integrated Planning

The current complex challenges brought about by development, the need to make it increasingly sustainable and the human origin of the environmental crisis require an integrated ecological approach that may combine seemingly different aspects, which, actually, are closely linked to each other. Since the concepts of sustainability, resilience and inclusiveness, as qualities of cities and human settlements, are among the goals of the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (Goal 11), the real ambitious challenge is to start synergic collaborations between ecology, economy, legislation, spatial planning and territorial governance and society, trying to pave the way to circular economy and to a widespread culture of sustainability. In this context, the green economy is a must for spatial and urban planning in order to turn challenges into extraordinary opportunities of regeneration and safeguard of cities and territories, above all of those which are more at risk and environmentally deteriorated. Many European cities have started policies, programmes, and innovative actions that include projects combining regeneration and adaptation, invest in the natural capital, promote green infrastructures and more sustainable mobility, and improve the effective use of resources. This paper deals with the above-mentioned issues and examines the possible developments of an integrated ecological approach in ordinary spatial planning.

Gabriella Pultrone
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
New Metropolitan Perspectives
herausgegeben von
Francesco Calabrò
Lucia Della Spina
Carmelina Bevilacqua
Copyright-Jahr
2019
Electronic ISBN
978-3-319-92102-0
Print ISBN
978-3-319-92101-3
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92102-0