3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 The Concept of Force
3.1.2 The Fundamental Forces in Nature
3.2 Newton’s Laws
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Large compared to the size of an atom \(({\approx }10^{-10}\,\mathrm {m})\).
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Moving at speeds much less than the speed of light \(({\approx }3\times 10^{8}\,\mathrm {m}/\mathrm {s})\).
3.2.1 Newton’s First Law
3.2.2 The Principle of Invariance
3.2.3 Mass
3.2.4 Newton’s Second Law
3.2.5 Newton’s Third Law
3.3 Some Particular Forces
3.3.1 Weight
3.3.2 The Normal Force
3.3.3 Tension
3.3.4 Friction
Materials | \(\mu _{s}\) (static) | \(\mu _{k}\) (kinetic) |
---|---|---|
Steel on steel | 0.74 | 0.57 |
Aluminum on steel | 0.61 | 0.47 |
Copper on steel | 0.53 | 0.36 |
Wood on wood | 0.25–0.5 | 0.2 |
Rubber on concrete | 1.0 | 0.8 |
Glass on glass | 0.94 | 0.4 |
Copper on glass | 0.68 | 0.53 |
Teflon on teflon | 0.04 | 0.04 |