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2020 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

2. Oceans Created: Oceans Destroyed

verfasst von : Peter Townsend Harris

Erschienen in: Mysterious Ocean

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Oceans have been created, and oceans have been destroyed many times in the Earth’s history by plate tectonics. In this chapter we shall meet Alfred Wegner and learn about his early theory of continental drift and its problems. Rivals to Wegner’s theory were the shrinking Earth theory and the expanding Earth theory, but they had problems of their own. We will meet Marie Tharp and her discovery of the great rift valley that encircles the globe. The “Rosetta Stone” for plate tectonic theory was the discovery of magnetic “stripes” on the ocean floor created by episodic reversals of the Earth’s magnetic field. The disintegration of Pangea 170 million years ago and the rise and fall of the Tethys Ocean 6 million years ago are merely brief stages of the cycle of the birth and death of oceans.

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Fußnoten
1
Heezen and Tharp (1977).
 
2
Felt (2012).
 
3
Heezen and Tharp (1965).
 
4
Hess (1962).
 
5
Vine and Matthews (1963).
 
6
Muller et al. (2008).
 
7
Muller et al. (1997).
 
8
A movie showing the wandering continents over 3 billion years can be viewed here: https://​www.​youtube.​com/​watch?​v=​ovT90wYrVk4
 
9
Wilson (1966).
 
Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat Felt, H. (2012). Soundings – The story of the remarkable woman who mapped the ocean floor (p. 119). New York: Henry Holt and Company. [biography of Marie Tharp]. Felt, H. (2012). Soundings – The story of the remarkable woman who mapped the ocean floor (p. 119). New York: Henry Holt and Company. [biography of Marie Tharp].
Zurück zum Zitat Heezen, B. C., & Tharp, M. (1965). Tectonic fabric of the Atlantic and Indian oceans and continental drift. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 258, 90–106.CrossRef Heezen, B. C., & Tharp, M. (1965). Tectonic fabric of the Atlantic and Indian oceans and continental drift. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 258, 90–106.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Heezen, B. C., & Tharp, M. (1977). World ocean floor Panorama, New York. In full color, painted by H. Berann, Mercator Projection, scale 1:23,230,300, 1168 × 1930 mm. Heezen, B. C., & Tharp, M. (1977). World ocean floor Panorama, New York. In full color, painted by H. Berann, Mercator Projection, scale 1:23,230,300, 1168 × 1930 mm.
Zurück zum Zitat Hess, H. H. (1962). History of ocean basins. In A. E. J. Engel, H. L. James, & B. F. Leonard (Eds.), Petrologic studies: A volume in honor of A. F. Buddington (pp. 599–620). New York: Geological Society of America. Hess, H. H. (1962). History of ocean basins. In A. E. J. Engel, H. L. James, & B. F. Leonard (Eds.), Petrologic studies: A volume in honor of A. F. Buddington (pp. 599–620). New York: Geological Society of America.
Zurück zum Zitat Muller, R. D., Roest, W. R., Royer, J. Y., Gahagan, L. M., & Sclater, J. G. (1997). Digital Isochrons of the World’s ocean floor. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102, 3211–3214.CrossRef Muller, R. D., Roest, W. R., Royer, J. Y., Gahagan, L. M., & Sclater, J. G. (1997). Digital Isochrons of the World’s ocean floor. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102, 3211–3214.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Muller, R. D., Sdrolias, M., Gaina, C., & Roest, W. R. (2008). Age, spreading rates and spreading symmetry of the world’s ocean crust. Geochemistry, Geophysics and Geosystems, 9(Q04006). Muller, R. D., Sdrolias, M., Gaina, C., & Roest, W. R. (2008). Age, spreading rates and spreading symmetry of the world’s ocean crust. Geochemistry, Geophysics and Geosystems, 9(Q04006).
Zurück zum Zitat Vine, F. J., & Matthews, D. H. (1963). Magnetic anomalies over oceanic ridges. Nature, 199, 947–949.CrossRef Vine, F. J., & Matthews, D. H. (1963). Magnetic anomalies over oceanic ridges. Nature, 199, 947–949.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Wilson, J. T. (1966). Did the Atlantic close and then reopen? Nature, 211, 676–681.CrossRef Wilson, J. T. (1966). Did the Atlantic close and then reopen? Nature, 211, 676–681.CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Oceans Created: Oceans Destroyed
verfasst von
Peter Townsend Harris
Copyright-Jahr
2020
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15632-9_2