We introduce a new geometric coefficient which is related García-Falset coefficient and weak star fixed point property. The García-Falset coefficient that was introduced by Benavides in (Houst. J. Math. 22:835-849, 1996) is calculated in this paper for Musielak-Orlicz sequence spaces equipped with the Luxemburg norm. Specifically, in reflexive Banach spaces, the new geometric coefficient and the García-Falset coefficient are the same.
Hinweise
Competing interests
The author declares that they have no competing interests.
1 Introduction and preliminaries
Throughout this paper X is a Banach space which is assumed not to have the Schur property, i.e., X has a weakly convergent sequence that is not norm convergent. \(S(X)\) and \(B(X)\) denote the unit sphere and the unit ball of X, respectively and \(l^{0}\) denotes the set of all real sequences.
A Banach space X is said to have the fixed point property (FPP, for short) if every nonexpansive mapping \(T :C\rightarrow C\), i.e., the mapping satisfying
and acting on a nonempty bounded closed and convex subset C of X has a fixed point in C. A natural generalization of FPP is the weak fixed point property (WFPP, for short). A Banach space X is said to have the WFPP whenever it satisfies the above condition from the definition of FPP with ‘weakly compact’ in place of ‘bounded closed’. In 1965 Kirk [2] proved that any reflexive Banach space with normal structure has the FPP. In 1989 Prus [3] introduced a property of a Banach space X, called nearly uniformly smoothness. In 1992 Prus [4] also proved that a weakly nearly uniformly smooth Banach space X with the weak Opial property has the FPP. To obtain the weak fixed point property in Banach spaces, García-Falset introduced in [5] the following coefficient:
He has proved that a Banach space X with \(R(X)<2\) has the weak fixed point property, i.e., every nonexpansive mapping T from a weakly compact nonempty and convex set \(A\subset X\) into itself has a fixed point in A (see [6] and [7]).
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A Banach space X is said to be NUS provided that for every \(\varepsilon>0\) there is \(\eta>0\) such that if \(t\in(0,\eta)\) and \(\{ x_{n}\}\) is a basic sequence in \(B(X)\), then there exists \(k>1\) so that \(\Vert x_{1}+tx_{k}\Vert \leq1+t\varepsilon\) (see [3]).
A natural generalization of this notion is said to be WNUS. A Banach space X is WNUS whenever it satisfies the above condition with ‘for some \(\varepsilon\in(0,1)\)’ in place of ‘for every \(\varepsilon>0\)’ (see [6]).
It is well known that a Banach space X is WNUS if and only ifX is reflexive and \(R(X)<2\) (see [6]).
The coefficient \(R(X,a)\) of a Banach space X was defined in 1996 by Benavides [1], as a generalization of the coefficient \(R(X)\), which also plays an important role in the fixed point theory for nonexpansive mappings. Benavides defined the coefficient \(R(X,a)\) for a Banach space X as follows.
Moreover, the coefficient \(R(X,a)\) remains unaltered if in the definition we replace lim inf by lim sup. He obtained the following: for a given \(a\geq0\), if \(R(X,a)<1+a\), then the Banach space X has the fixed point property; the result means that the condition \(M(X)>1\) implies that X has the weak fixed point property for nonexpansive mappings [1].
In this paper, we introduce a new geometric coefficient that is a related García-Falset coefficient and a weak∗ fixed point property, written \(R^{\ast} ( X^{\ast},a ) \). For a given \(a\geq0\), let
where \(D[(x_{n})]= \lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}\inf \{ \Vert x_{i}-x_{j}\Vert :i\neq j,i,j\geq n \} \).
Similarly to [1], we can prove that if \(R^{\ast} ( X^{\ast},a ) <1+a\) for some \(a\in(0,1]\) then \(T:C\rightarrow C\) has a fixed points \(a\in C\), if C is a weak∗-compact and weak∗ sequentially complete subset of \(X^{*}\) and T is a nonexpansive mapping. It is clear that \(R(X,a)=R^{\ast} ( X^{\ast},a ) \) if the Banach space X is reflexive.
A Banach space X is called a Köthe sequence space if it is a subspace of \(l^{0}\) and for every \(x\in l^{0}\) and \(y\in X\) satisfying \(\vert x(i)\vert \leq \vert y(i)\vert \) for all \(i\in \mathcal{N}\), we have \(x\in X\) and \(\Vert x\Vert \leq \Vert y\Vert \) and if there is a \(x=(x(i))\in X\) with \(x(i)>0\) for all \(i\in\mathcal{N}\) (see [8, 9] and [10]).
A Köthe sequence space X is said to have an absolutely continuous norm if \(X_{a}=X\). A Köthe sequence space X is said to have the semi-Fatou property if for every sequence \(\{x_{n}\}\subset X\) and \(x\in X\) satisfying \(\vert x_{n}(i)\vert \uparrow \vert x(i)\vert \) for all \(i\in N\) we have \(\Vert x_{n}\Vert \rightarrow \Vert x\Vert \).
A mapping \(\Phi:\mathcal{R}\rightarrow\mathcal{R}_{+}\) is said to be an Orlicz function if Φ vanishes only at 0, Φ is even and convex on the whole line R. For every Orlicz function Φ we define its complementary function\(\Psi:\mathcal{R}\rightarrow{}[0,\infty)\) by the formula
$$\Psi ( v ) = {\sup_{{u>0}}} \bigl\{ u\vert v\vert -\Phi ( u ) \bigr\} $$
for every \(v\in\mathcal{R}\).
Denote by \(\Phi= \{ \Phi_{i} \} _{i=1}^{\infty}\) a sequence Orlicz function. Such a sequence is called a Musielak-Orlicz function on \(N\times R\).
We say that Φ satisfies the \(\delta_{2}\)-condition (\(\Phi\in \delta_{2}\) for short) if there exist \(k>0\), \(u_{0}>0\),and \(c_{i}\geq 0\), with \({{\sum_{i\geq1}c_{i}}}<\infty\) such that we have the inequality
$$\Phi_{i} ( 2u ) \leq k\Phi_{i} ( u ) +c_{i} \quad \bigl( i\geq1,\Phi_{i} ( u ) \leq u_{0} \bigr). $$
We now introduce a new definition, namely \(\overline{\delta}_{2}(k)\). We say that Φ satisfies the \(\overline{\delta}_{2}(k)\)-condition (\(\Phi \in\overline{\delta}_{2}(k)\) for short) if there exist \(\varepsilon \in ( 0,1 ) \) and \(i_{\varepsilon}\in\mathcal{N}\) such that
$$I_{\Phi} \biggl( \frac{x}{2} \biggr) \leq\frac{1-\varepsilon}{2}I_{\Phi } ( x ) $$
whenever \(I_{\Phi} ( x ) =k\) and \(N(x)\geq i_{\varepsilon}\), where \(N(x)=\{i\in\mathcal{N}:x(i)\neq0\}\) and \(N(x)\geq i_{\varepsilon}\), which means that \(\min \{ i:i\in N(x) \} \geq i_{\varepsilon}\).
for any\(\varepsilon>0\), there exist\(k_{\varepsilon }>0\), \(u_{\varepsilon}>0\), and\(c_{i}\geq0\) (\(i\geq1 \)), \({\sum_{i\geq1}}c_{i}<\infty\)such that
The Musielak-Orlicz sequence space \(l_{\Phi}\) is defined to be the set \(\{x\in l_{0}:I_{\Phi}(\lambda x)=\sum_{i=1}^{\infty}\Phi _{i}(\lambda x(i))<\infty\mbox{ for some }\lambda>0\}\) and its subspace \(h_{\Phi}\) is defined to be the set \(\{x\in l_{0}:I_{\Phi}(\lambda x)=\sum_{i=1}^{\infty}\Phi _{i}(\lambda x(i))<\infty\mbox{ for any }\lambda>0\}\) both equipped with the Luxemburg norm
To simplify notations, we put \(l_{\Phi}=(l_{\Phi}, \Vert \, \Vert _{\Phi})\) and \(h_{\Phi}=(h_{\Phi}, \Vert \, \Vert _{\Phi})\).
We say that a Musielak-Orlicz function Φ satisfies the \(\overline{\delta}_{2}\)-condition if its complementary function Ψ satisfies the \(\delta_{2}\)-condition.
The basic information on Musielak-Orlicz spaces can be found in [11‐13], and [14].
2 Results
The idea of Theorem 2.1 is similar to Corollary 8.2 in [15]. In order to keep the consistency of this paper, we accept it in the following.
Theorem 2.1
LetXbe a Köthe sequence space with the Fatou property. IfXhas no absolute continuous norm, then\(R(X,a)=1+a \).
Proof
Suppose that X does not have an absolutely continuous norm. Then there exists \(\varepsilon_{0}>0\) and \(x_{0}\in S(X)\) such that
where \(e_{i}=(0,0, \ldots , \stackrel{i\mathrm{th}}{1},0, \ldots )\).
Take a sequence of positive numbers \(\{\varepsilon_{n}\}\) such that \(\varepsilon_{n}\downarrow0\). By \(\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty} \Vert \sum_{i=n+1}^{\infty}x_{0}(i)e_{i}\Vert =\varepsilon _{0}\), there exists \(n_{1}\in N\) such that
Put \(x_{i}=\sum_{j=n_{i}+1}^{n_{i+1}}x_{0}(i)e_{i}\) and \(v_{k}=\sum_{j=n_{k}+1}^{\infty}x_{0}(i)e_{i}\). Then:
(a) \(\Vert x_{i}\Vert \rightarrow\varepsilon_{0}\) as \(i\rightarrow \infty\).
(b) \(x_{i} \stackrel{w}{\rightarrow} 0\) as \(i\rightarrow\infty\). It is well known that for any Köthe space X we have
$$X^{*}=X'\oplus S, $$
where S is the space of all singular functionals over X, i.e., functionals which vanish on the subspace \(X_{a}=\{x\in X: x \mbox{ has absolutely continuous norm}\}\) and \(X'=\{y\in l^{0}:\sum_{i=1}^{\infty}x(i)y(i)<\infty\mbox{ for all }x\in X\}\) (see [11]). This means that every \(f\in X^{*}\) is uniquely represented in the form
$$f=T_{y}+\varphi, $$
where \(\varphi\in S\) and for \(y\in X'\) the function \(T_{y}\) is defined by
(c) Put \(z_{i}=\frac{x_{i}}{\Vert x_{i}\Vert }\) and \(w_{k}=\frac{v_{k}}{\Vert v_{k}\Vert }\) for all \(i,k\in\mathcal{N}\). It is easy to check \(D(z_{k}) \leq1\). Then
By the arbitrariness of k and \(\lim_{{k\rightarrow\infty}}\varepsilon _{k}=0\), we get \(R(X,a)\geq1+a\). It is clear that \(R(X,a)\leq1+a\). Therefore \(R(X,a)=1+a\). □
Since \(\Phi\notin\overline{\delta}_{2}\), we see that \(l_{\Phi}\) has no absolutely continuous norm. So we have \(R(l_{\Phi},a)=1+a\). Since \(h_{\Psi}\) is separable and \(( h_{\Psi} ) ^{\ast}=l_{\Phi}\), we have \(R^{\ast} ( l_{\Phi},a ) =1+a\). □
For any \(x\in\ell_{\Phi}\) with \(\Vert x\Vert =a\) and \(N(x)= \{ i\in N:x(i)\neq0 \} \) being finite, we define \(c_{x}\) by the formula
Suppose that\(\Phi\in{\delta}_{2}\). Then for the Musielak-Orlicz sequence space\(\ell_{\Phi}\)we have
$$ R^{\ast} ( \ell_{\Phi},a ) =\sup \bigl\{ c_{x}:x\in \ell _{\Phi}\textit{ with }\Vert x\Vert =a \textit{ and } N(x) \textit{ being finite} \bigr\} . $$
Proof
Let
$$d_{\Phi}=\sup \bigl\{ c_{x}:x\in\ell_{\Phi}\mbox{ with }\Vert x\Vert =a\mbox{ and }N(x)\mbox{ being finite} \bigr\} . $$
Then for any \(\varepsilon\in ( 0,d_{\Phi} ) \), there exists \(\Vert x\Vert =a\) with finite \(N(x)\) such that
$$c_{x}>d_{\Phi}-\varepsilon. $$
By the definition of \(c_{x}\) there exists \(n_{1}\in\mathcal{N}\) such that
$$\sup\biggl\{ c_{x,y}>0:I_{\Phi} \biggl( \frac{x}{c_{x,y}} \biggr) +I_{\Phi } \biggl( \frac{y}{c_{x,y}} \biggr) =1\mbox{ for }I_{\Phi} ( y ) \leq \frac{1}{2}\mbox{ and }N(y)\geq n_{1}\biggr\} > d_{\Phi}-\varepsilon, $$
whenever \(n\geq n_{1}\). By the definition of the supremum, there exists \(y_{1}\in S(\ell_{\Phi})\) with \(N(y_{1})>n_{1}\) such that \(c_{x,y_{1}}>d_{\Phi}-\varepsilon\), i.e., \(I_{\Phi} ( \frac{x}{d_{\Phi }-\varepsilon} ) +I_{\Phi} ( \frac{y_{1}}{d_{\Phi }-\varepsilon} ) >1\). Hence there exists \(n_{2}>n_{1}\) such that \(I_{\Phi} ( \frac{x}{d_{\Phi}-\varepsilon} ) +\sum_{i=n_{1}+1}^{n_{2}}\Phi _{i} ( \frac{y_{1} ( i ) }{d_{\Phi}-\varepsilon} ) >1\). Since \(n_{2}>n_{1}\), we also have
$$\sup\biggl\{ c_{x,y}>0:I_{\Phi} \biggl( \frac{x}{c_{x,y}} \biggr) +I_{\Phi} \biggl( \frac{y}{c_{x,y}} \biggr) =1\mbox{ for }I_{\Phi} ( y ) \leq\frac{1}{2}\mbox{ and }N(y)\geq n_{2}\biggr\} > d_{\Phi }-\varepsilon. $$
There exists \(y_{2}\in\ell_{\Phi}\) with \(I_{\Phi} ( y ) \leq \frac{1}{2}\) and \(N(y_{2})>n_{1}\) such that \(c_{x,y_{2}}>d_{\Phi }-\varepsilon\), i.e., \(I_{\Phi} ( \frac{x}{d_{\Phi }-\varepsilon} ) +I_{\Phi} ( \frac{y_{2}}{d_{\Phi}-\varepsilon} ) >1\). Hence there exists \(n_{2}>n_{1}\) such that \(I_{\Phi} ( \frac {x}{d_{\Phi }-\varepsilon} ) +\sum_{i=n_{1}+1}^{n_{2}}\Phi_{i} ( \frac{y_{2} ( i ) }{d_{\Phi}-\varepsilon} ) >1\). Furthermore, there exists \(n_{3}>n_{2}\) such that \(I_{\Phi} ( \frac{x}{d_{\Phi }-\varepsilon} ) +\sum_{i=n_{2}+1}^{n_{3}}\Phi_{i} ( \frac{y_{2} ( i ) }{d_{\Phi}-\varepsilon} ) >1\). In such a way, we can prove by induction that there exist a sequence \(\{ y_{k } \} _{k=1}^{\infty }\subset\ell_{\Phi}\) with \(I_{\Phi} ( y_{k} ) \leq\frac {1}{2}\) for any natural k and a sequence of natural numbers \(n_{1}< n_{2 }< n_{3}<\cdots \) such that \(I_{\Phi} ( \frac{x}{d_{\Phi}-\varepsilon} ) + \sum_{i=n_{k}+1}^{n_{k+1}}\Phi_{i} ( \frac{y_{k} ( i ) }{d_{\Phi}-\varepsilon} ) >1\) for all \(k\in\mathcal{N}\). It is clear that \(y_{k}\) is weakly star convergent to 0. Since the supports of \(y_{k}\) are pairwise disjoint, we have \(I_{\Phi} ( y_{i}-y_{i} ) =I_{\Phi} ( y_{i} ) +I_{\Phi} ( y_{i} ) \leq\frac {1}{2}+\frac{1}{2}=1\) for \(i,j\in N\) with \(i\neq j\). Therefore, \(D[(y_{k})]\leq1\).
For any \(k>i_{0}\), we have
$$I_{\Phi}\biggl(\frac{y_{k}-x}{d_{\Phi}-\varepsilon}\biggr)=\sum _{i=n_{k}+1}^{n_{k+1}} \Phi_{i} \biggl( \frac{y_{k} ( i ) }{d_{\Phi}-\varepsilon} \biggr) +I_{\Phi} \biggl( \frac{x ( i ) }{d_{\Phi}-\varepsilon} \biggr) >1, $$
i.e., \(\Vert y_{k}-x\Vert >d_{\Phi}-\varepsilon\). Therefore, \(R^{\ast} ( \ell_{\Phi},a ) \geq d_{\Phi}-\varepsilon\) and by the arbitrariness of \(\varepsilon>0 \), we have \(R^{\ast} ( \ell _{\Phi},a ) \geq d_{\Phi}\).
Now, we will prove that \(R^{\ast} ( \ell_{\Phi},a ) \leq d_{\Phi}\). By the definition of \(d_{\Phi}\), we always have
$${\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty} }\sup \biggl\{ c_{x,y}>0:I_{\Phi} \biggl( \frac{x}{c_{x,y}} \biggr) +I_{\Phi} \biggl( \frac{y}{c_{x,y}} \biggr) =1\mbox{ for }y\in S(\ell_{\Phi})\mbox{ and }N(y)\geq n \biggr\} \leq d_{\Phi} $$
for any \(\Vert x\Vert =a\) with finite \(N(x)\).
First of all, we want to prove that for any weak star null sequence \(\{x_{n} \} \subset l_{\Phi}\) and \(\varepsilon>0\) there exists a subsequence \(\{ x_{n_{i}} \} \subset \{ x_{n} \} \) such that \(I_{\Phi} ( x_{n_{i}} ) \leq\frac{1}{2}+\varepsilon\) for each \(i\in N\). Otherwise there exists \(\varepsilon_{0}>0\). Without loss of generality, we may assume that \(I_{\Phi} ( x_{n} ) >\frac {1}{2}+\varepsilon_{0}\) for all \(n\in\dot{N}\). By \(\Phi\in\delta_{2} \) there exists a \(\delta_{1}>0\) such that \(\Vert x\Vert >1+5\delta_{1}\) whenever \(I_{\Phi} ( x ) >1+\frac{2\varepsilon_{0}}{3}\). Using \(\Phi\in\delta_{2} \)again, there exists a \(\delta_{2}>0\) such that \(I_{\Phi} ( x ) <\delta_{2}\) whenever \(\Vert x \Vert <\frac{\varepsilon_{0}}{3}\). Set \(\delta_{0}=\min \{ \delta_{1}, \delta_{2} \} \).
Put \(n_{1}=1\). Then there exists a \(i_{1}>1\) such that \(\Vert \sum_{i=i_{1}+1}^{\infty}x_{n_{1}}(i)e_{i}\Vert <\delta _{0}\leq\delta_{2}\). Since the sequence \(\{ x_{n} \} \) is a weakly null sequence, there exists \(n_{2}>n_{1}\) such that
Using \(\Phi\in\delta_{2}\) again, we see that there exists a \(i_{2}>i_{1}\) such that \(\Vert \sum_{i=i_{2}+1}^{\infty}x_{n_{2}}(i)e_{i}\Vert <\delta_{0}\leq\delta_{2}\). Hence
Let us take an element \(x\in l_{\Phi}\) with \(\Vert x\Vert =a\). By \(\Phi\in\delta_{2}\), for any \(\varepsilon>0\) there exists \(i_{0}>0\) such that \(\Vert \sum_{i=i_{0}+1}^{\infty}x(i)e_{i}\Vert <\varepsilon\). Put \(x_{0}=a\frac{\sum_{i=i_{0}+1}^{\infty }x(i)e_{i}}{\Vert \sum_{i=i_{0}+1}^{\infty}x(i)e_{i}\Vert }\). Since \({x_{n}}\stackrel{w^{\ast}}{\rightarrow} 0\), there is a \(n_{0}\in N\) such that \(\Vert \sum_{i=1}^{i_{0}}x_{n} ( i ) e_{i}\Vert <\varepsilon\) when \(n\geq n_{0}\).
We next estimate the \(\Vert \sum_{i=1}^{i_{0}}x(i)e_{i}+\sum_{i=i_{0}+1}^{\infty }x_{n}(i)e_{i}\Vert \). Put \(z_{n}=\frac{1-\varepsilon }{1+\varepsilon}\sum_{i=i_{0}+1}^{\infty}x_{n}(i)e_{i}\) for \(n\geq n_{0}\). We have
Therefore, we have \(\Vert x_{n}-x_{0}\Vert \leq d_{\Phi }+ ( \frac{2+(1+a)(1+\varepsilon)}{1+\varepsilon} ) \varepsilon +2\varepsilon\). By the arbitrariness of \(\varepsilon>0 \), we get the inequality \(R ( \ell _{\Phi} ) \leq d_{\Phi}\).
Summing up, we see that the equality \(R ( \ell_{\Phi} ) =d_{\Phi}\) holds. □
For any \(x\in\ell_{\Phi}\) with \(\Vert x\Vert = 1\) and \(N(x)= \{ i\in N:x(i)\neq0 \} \) being finite we define \(c_{x}\) as follows:
\(R^{\ast}(\ell_{\Phi},1)<2\)if and only if\(\ell_{\Phi}\in\delta_{2}\)and\(\Phi\in\overline{\delta}_{2}(1)\).
Proof
Necessity. We only need to prove the necessity of \(\Phi \in\overline{\delta}_{2}(1)\). Suppose that \(\Phi\notin\overline{\delta}_{2}(1)\). Then for any natural number k there exists \(x_{k}\in S ( \ell_{\Phi} ) \) with \(N(x_{k})\geq k\) such that
For any fixed \(k\in N\) and for any \(\varepsilon>0\), there exists \(i_{k}\in N\) such that \(\sum_{i=k}^{i_{k}}\Phi_{i}(x_{k}(i))>1-\varepsilon\). Put \(\overline{x}_{k}=\frac{\sum_{i=k}^{i_{k}}x_{k}(i)e_{i}}{\Vert \sum_{i=k}^{i_{k}}x_{k}(i)e_{i}\Vert }\). Then
which shows that \(\Vert \overline{x}_{k}+x_{i_{k}}\Vert \geq 2(1-\frac{1}{k}-\varepsilon)\). Hence \(c_{\overline{x}_{k},x_{i_{k}}}\geq2(1-\frac {1}{k}-\varepsilon)\). By the arbitrariness of \(\varepsilon>0 \) and \(k\in N\), we see that \(R(\ell_{\Phi})=2\).
Sufficiency. Since \(\Phi\in\overline{\delta}_{2}(1)\), there exist \(\varepsilon_{0}\in ( 0,1 ) \) and \(i_{\varepsilon}\in \mathcal{N}\) such that
whenever \(I_{\Phi} ( x ) =1\) and \(N(x)\geq i_{\varepsilon}\). For any \(x\in S(\ell_{\Phi})\) with finite \(N(x)\) and \(y\in S(\ell_{\Phi})\) with \(N(y)\geq n\), we may assume without loss of generality that \(\max \{ i:i\in N(x) \} < n\) and \(n\geq i_{\varepsilon}\). Hence
\(R^{\ast}(\ell_{\Phi},a)<1+a\)for\(0< a<1\)if and only if\(\Phi \in\delta_{2}\).
Proof
We only need to prove the sufficiency. For any \(0<\varepsilon<\frac{1}{2}\), by \(\Phi\in\delta_{2}\), there exists a \(d_{0}>0\) such that \(\Vert x\Vert \leq1-d\) whenever \(I_{\Phi} ( x ) \leq\frac {1}{2}+\varepsilon\). Hence \(\Vert x_{n}\Vert \leq1-d\) if n large enough for any weakly star null sequence \(\{ x_{n} \} \subset B ( l_{\Phi} ) \) with \(D[ ( x_{n} ) ]\leq1\). Hence
Let \(\Phi_{n}(u)=\bigl \{\scriptsize{ \begin{array}{l@{\quad}l} u^{2}& \mbox{if }u\leq\frac{1}{n}, \\ a_{n}u+b_{n}& \mbox{if }\frac{1}{n}\leq u\leq\infty, \end{array}} \bigr.\) where \(a_{n}=\frac{2}{n}\), \(b_{n}=-\frac{1}{n^{2}}\). Then \(\Phi _{n}\) is an Orlicz function for each \(n\in N\).
If \(u\leq\frac{1}{n}\) and \(2u>\frac{1}{n}\), then \(\frac{1}{2n}< u\leq \frac{1}{n}\). Hence
If \(0< u\leq\frac{1}{2n}\) then \(\Phi_{n} ( 2u ) =4\Phi _{n} ( u ) \). If \(\frac{1}{n}< u\leq1\) then \(\Phi_{n} ( 2u ) \leq 2\Phi_{n} ( u ) \). If we put \(K=24\) and \(u_{0}=1\), then
$$\Phi_{n}(2u)\leq K\Phi_{n} ( u )\quad \mbox{for all }n\in N, $$
that is, \(\Phi\in\delta_{2}\).
If \(0< a <1\) then \(R^{\ast} ( l_{\Phi},a ) <1+a\).
Let us take \(x_{n}= ( 0,0,\ldots,0, \overbrace{\tfrac{n}{2}+\tfrac{1}{2n}}^{n\mathrm{th}},0,\ldots ) \) for any \(n\in N\). Then \(I_{\Phi} ( x_{n} ) =1\) and
Let \(\{ p_{k} \} _{k=1}^{\infty}\) be a sequence of real increasing numbers with \(1< p_{1}\) and \({\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty} }p_{n}=p<\infty\). Then we have the following.
Theorem 2.9
Let\(l^{(p_{i})}\)be a Nakano sequence space equipped with the Luxemburg norm. Then\(R(l^{(p_{i})})=2^{\frac{1}{p}}\)and\(R(l_{\Phi},a)= ( \frac{1}{2}+a^{p} ) ^{\frac{1}{p}}\), \(0< a\leq1\).
Proof
Since \(1<\inf \{ p_{i} \} \leq\sup \{ p_{i} \} =p<\infty\), the Nakano space equipped with the Luxemburg norm is reflexive. For any \(x,y\in S ( l^{(p_{i})} ) \) with \(N(x)\), \(N(y)\) being finite. We now consider the following equation:
i.e., \(c\leq2^{\frac{1}{p}}\). This shows the inequality \(R(l^{(p_{i})},1)\leq2^{\frac{1}{p}}\). Take the classical basic sequence \(\{ e_{n} \} \subset S(l^{(p_{i})})\). If \(c_{n,m}\) is a solution of the equation
and assuming without loss of generality that we may take \(n>m\), we have the inequality
$$\frac{2}{c^{p_{n}}}\geq1. $$
Hence \(R(l^{(p_{i})})\geq2^{\frac{1}{p}}\). Together with the opposite inequality proved already, we have \(R(l^{(p_{i})})=2^{\frac{1}{p}}\).
If \(0< a<1\), for \(x\in B ( l^{(p_{i})} ) \) with finite \(N(x)\) and \(I_{\Phi} ( x ) =\frac{1}{2}\) and \(y\in B ( l^{(p_{i})} ) \) with finite \(N(y)\) and \(\Vert x\Vert =a\), we consider the following equation:
Taking \(x_{n}=(0,\ldots,0, ( \frac{1}{2} ) ^{\frac{1}{p_{n}}},0,\ldots)\) and \(x_{m}=(0,\ldots,0, \stackrel{m\mathrm{th}}{a} ,0,\ldots)\), we get \(I_{\Phi} ( x_{n} ) =\frac{1}{2}\) and \(I_{\Phi} ( \frac{x_{m}}{a} ) =1\), which implies the equality \(\Vert x_{m}\Vert =a\).
$$\biggl( \frac{1}{2}+a^{p_{m}} \biggr) ^{\frac{1}{\max \{ p_{n},p_{m} \} }}\leq c. $$
Letting \(n,m\rightarrow\infty\), we get \(R(l_{\Phi},a)\leq ( \frac {1}{2}+a^{p} ) ^{\frac{1}{p}}\), that is, \(R(l_{\Phi},a)= ( \frac {1}{2}+a^{p} ) ^{\frac{1}{p}}\). □
Acknowledgements
The author would like to express sincere appreciation to the referees for their very helpful suggestions and kind comments. The author is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11401143 and No. 11471091), the National Science Center of Poland (No. UMO-2012/07/B/ST1/03360), Overseas Returning Foundation of Hei Long Jiang Province (Grant No. LC201402) and Scientific Research Foundation of Heilongjiang Provincial Education Department (12541232).
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Competing interests
The author declares that they have no competing interests.