Skip to main content
Erschienen in:

21.06.2024 | Original Paper

Optimal operation of load aggregator considering controllable air conditioners and intermittent uncertainties

verfasst von: Bin Xu, Xiaoming Wang, Yunlong Bai, Zhiyong Li, Wenguang Zhao, Suhan Zhang

Erschienen in: Electrical Engineering | Ausgabe 1/2025

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Characterized by thermal energy storage and controllability, aggregated air conditioner load is a significant flexible resource in distribution power system. The transformation of this aggregated load into an actual controllable resource is a crucial technical challenge. This study focuses on optimal control of aggregated air conditioner load considering multiple uncertainties in the power system. Firstly, the operational characteristics and adjustability of the air conditioner load are analyzed. A linearized second-order equivalent thermal parameter model is proposed to achieve the balance between modeling accuracy and complexity. On this basis, a rolling optimal control strategy is developed for the aggregated load to minimize the operational cost, wherein multiple uncertainties including load profiles, electricity price, solar irradiance, and outdoor temperature are considered. Case studies verify the effectiveness of the proposed method and highlight the significance of aggregated air conditioner load in power system operation.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literatur
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Liu M, Shi Y (2016) Model predictive control of aggregated heterogeneous second-order thermostatically controlled loads for ancillary services. IEEE Trans Power Syst 31(3):1963–1971CrossRefMATH Liu M, Shi Y (2016) Model predictive control of aggregated heterogeneous second-order thermostatically controlled loads for ancillary services. IEEE Trans Power Syst 31(3):1963–1971CrossRefMATH
3.
Zurück zum Zitat He H, Sanandaji B, Poolla K et al (2015) Aggregate flexibility of thermostatically controlled loads. IEEE Trans Power Syst 30(1):189–198CrossRefMATH He H, Sanandaji B, Poolla K et al (2015) Aggregate flexibility of thermostatically controlled loads. IEEE Trans Power Syst 30(1):189–198CrossRefMATH
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Shah Z, Sindi H, Ul-Haq A et al (2020) Fuzzy logic-based direct load control scheme for air conditionering load to reduce energy consumption. IEEE Access 8:117413–117427CrossRefMATH Shah Z, Sindi H, Ul-Haq A et al (2020) Fuzzy logic-based direct load control scheme for air conditionering load to reduce energy consumption. IEEE Access 8:117413–117427CrossRefMATH
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Purbakawaca R, Yuwono A, Subrata I et al (2022) Ambient air monitoring system with adaptive performance stability. IEEE Access 10:120086–120105CrossRefMATH Purbakawaca R, Yuwono A, Subrata I et al (2022) Ambient air monitoring system with adaptive performance stability. IEEE Access 10:120086–120105CrossRefMATH
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Molina A, Gabaldon A, Fuentes J et al (2003) Implementation and assessment of physically based electrical load models: application to direct load control residential programmes. IET Gener Transm Distrib 150(1):61–66CrossRefMATH Molina A, Gabaldon A, Fuentes J et al (2003) Implementation and assessment of physically based electrical load models: application to direct load control residential programmes. IET Gener Transm Distrib 150(1):61–66CrossRefMATH
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Lu N (2012) An evaluation of the HVAC load potential for providing load balancing service. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 3(3):1264–1270CrossRefMATH Lu N (2012) An evaluation of the HVAC load potential for providing load balancing service. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 3(3):1264–1270CrossRefMATH
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Luo F, Dong ZY, Meng K et al (2016) An operational planning framework for large scale thermostatically controlled load dispatch. IEEE Trans Ind Inf 13(1):217–227CrossRefMATH Luo F, Dong ZY, Meng K et al (2016) An operational planning framework for large scale thermostatically controlled load dispatch. IEEE Trans Ind Inf 13(1):217–227CrossRefMATH
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Hubert T, Grijalva S (2014) Modelling for residential electricity optimization in dynamic pricing environments. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 3(4):2224–3223CrossRefMATH Hubert T, Grijalva S (2014) Modelling for residential electricity optimization in dynamic pricing environments. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 3(4):2224–3223CrossRefMATH
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Pahwa A, Brice C (1985) Modeling and system identification of residential air conditioner load. IEEE Trans Power Appar Syst 104(6):1418–1425CrossRefMATH Pahwa A, Brice C (1985) Modeling and system identification of residential air conditioner load. IEEE Trans Power Appar Syst 104(6):1418–1425CrossRefMATH
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Peppanen J, Reno MJ, Grijalva S (2014) Thermal energy storage for air conditioning as an enabler of residential demand response. In: North American power symposium (NAPS), pp 1–6 Peppanen J, Reno MJ, Grijalva S (2014) Thermal energy storage for air conditioning as an enabler of residential demand response. In: North American power symposium (NAPS), pp 1–6
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Li Y, Yao J, Yong T et al. (2017) Estimation approach to aggregated power and response potential of residential thermostatically controlled loads. In: Proceedings of the CSEE, 37(19):5519–5528 Li Y, Yao J, Yong T et al. (2017) Estimation approach to aggregated power and response potential of residential thermostatically controlled loads. In: Proceedings of the CSEE, 37(19):5519–5528
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Kang L, Wang G, Wang Y et al (2020) The power simulation of water-cooled central air-conditioning system based on demand response. IEEE Access 8:67396–67407CrossRefMATH Kang L, Wang G, Wang Y et al (2020) The power simulation of water-cooled central air-conditioning system based on demand response. IEEE Access 8:67396–67407CrossRefMATH
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Ruiz N, Cobelo I, Oyarzabal J (2009) A direct load control model for virtual power plant management. IEEE Trans Power Syst 24(2):959–966CrossRefMATH Ruiz N, Cobelo I, Oyarzabal J (2009) A direct load control model for virtual power plant management. IEEE Trans Power Syst 24(2):959–966CrossRefMATH
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang S, Gu W, Zhang X et al (2022) Fully analytical model of heating networks for integrated energy systems. Appl Energy 327:120081CrossRefMATH Zhang S, Gu W, Zhang X et al (2022) Fully analytical model of heating networks for integrated energy systems. Appl Energy 327:120081CrossRefMATH
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Hong Y, Lin J, Wu C et al (2012) Multi-objective air-conditioning control considering fuzzy parameters using immune clonal selection programming. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 3(4):1603–1610CrossRefMATH Hong Y, Lin J, Wu C et al (2012) Multi-objective air-conditioning control considering fuzzy parameters using immune clonal selection programming. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 3(4):1603–1610CrossRefMATH
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Yuan Y, Gao L, Zeng K et al (2023) Space-level air conditionerer electricity consumption and occupant behavior analysis on a university campus. Energy Build 300:113646CrossRef Yuan Y, Gao L, Zeng K et al (2023) Space-level air conditionerer electricity consumption and occupant behavior analysis on a university campus. Energy Build 300:113646CrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Roberto N, Alvaro A, Gustavo N et al (2023) Real-time energy and economic performance of the multi-zone photovoltaic-drive air conditionering system for an office building in a tropical climate. Energy Convers Manage 297:117713CrossRef Roberto N, Alvaro A, Gustavo N et al (2023) Real-time energy and economic performance of the multi-zone photovoltaic-drive air conditionering system for an office building in a tropical climate. Energy Convers Manage 297:117713CrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Lu N, Chassin D (2004) A state-queueing model of thermostatically controlled appliances. IEEE Trans Power Syst 19(3):1666–1673CrossRefMATH Lu N, Chassin D (2004) A state-queueing model of thermostatically controlled appliances. IEEE Trans Power Syst 19(3):1666–1673CrossRefMATH
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Lu N, Zhang Y (2013) Design considerations of a centralized load controller using thermostatically controlled appliances for continuous regulation reserves. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 4(2):914–921CrossRefMATH Lu N, Zhang Y (2013) Design considerations of a centralized load controller using thermostatically controlled appliances for continuous regulation reserves. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 4(2):914–921CrossRefMATH
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang J, Wu H, Yang S et al (2022) Analysis of decision-making for air conditionering users based on the discrete choice model. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 131:106963CrossRefMATH Wang J, Wu H, Yang S et al (2022) Analysis of decision-making for air conditionering users based on the discrete choice model. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 131:106963CrossRefMATH
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang S, Gu W, Yao S et al (2021) Partitional decoupling method for fast calculation of energy flow in a large-scale heat and electricity integrated energy system. IEEE Trans Sustain Energy 12(1):501–513CrossRefMATH Zhang S, Gu W, Yao S et al (2021) Partitional decoupling method for fast calculation of energy flow in a large-scale heat and electricity integrated energy system. IEEE Trans Sustain Energy 12(1):501–513CrossRefMATH
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Qi F, Shahidehpour M, Wen F, Li Z, He Y, Yan M (2020) Decentralized privacy-preserving operation of multi-area integrated electricity and natural gas systems with renewable energy resources. IEEE Trans Sustain Energy 11(3):1785–1796CrossRefMATH Qi F, Shahidehpour M, Wen F, Li Z, He Y, Yan M (2020) Decentralized privacy-preserving operation of multi-area integrated electricity and natural gas systems with renewable energy resources. IEEE Trans Sustain Energy 11(3):1785–1796CrossRefMATH
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang H, Meng K, Dong Z, Xu Z, Luo F, Wong K (2015) A MILP approach to accommodate more building integrated photovoltaic system in distribution network. IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, Denver, USA, pp 1–5 Wang H, Meng K, Dong Z, Xu Z, Luo F, Wong K (2015) A MILP approach to accommodate more building integrated photovoltaic system in distribution network. IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, Denver, USA, pp 1–5
Metadaten
Titel
Optimal operation of load aggregator considering controllable air conditioners and intermittent uncertainties
verfasst von
Bin Xu
Xiaoming Wang
Yunlong Bai
Zhiyong Li
Wenguang Zhao
Suhan Zhang
Publikationsdatum
21.06.2024
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
Electrical Engineering / Ausgabe 1/2025
Print ISSN: 0948-7921
Elektronische ISSN: 1432-0487
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00202-024-02471-z