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2018 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

10. Organic Farming Law

verfasst von : Mathias Olbrisch, Wei Li

Erschienen in: Handbook of Agri-Food Law in China, Germany, European Union

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Organic products are nowadays omnipresent in Chinese and European food markets. Consumers can find a large variety of organic agricultural products and processed foods. As the world wide retail sales for these products valued about 75 billion Euros in 2015, it seems to be justified to consider organic production as sector of significant market volume.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Genetically Modified Organisms Law

Nächstes Kapitel The Right of Geographical Indications of Agricultural Products and Food

For example potatoes, milk, eggs, beef, apple, bread or noodles.

Willer and Lernoud (2015), p. 68.

Aertsens et al. (2009), p. 1156; Pearson et al. (2013), p. 58 http://www.organic-systems.org/journal/82/8206.pdf. Accessed 9 Apr 2017; Saba and Messina (2003), p. 644.

If organic products are actually healthier, than conventional foods is subject to a controversial scientific debate; see: Behera et al. (2012), p. 302 f.; Dangour et al. (2009), p. 680; Barański et al. (2014), p. 794 ff.

Behera et al. (2012), p. 316 f.; this question has to be separated from the consumers possible expectation, that organic foods are produced in a less contaminated environment.

See: Lockeretz (2007) passim.

This regulatory consolidation caused a raise of organic farming and a corresponding increase of organically cultivated crop area; see: Behera et al. (2012), p. 294 f.; Schmid (2007), p. 152 ff.; Willer (2009), passim https://www.fibl.org/fileadmin/documents/en/publications/fibl-2009-latest-figures.pdf. Accessed 31 May 2016.

In 2015 China ranked number four in the world concerning the retail sales values for organic products, see: Lernoud et al. (2017), p. 189; Europe has got the second most organic agricultural land, see: Lernoud and Willer (2017), p. 48 table 6.

Within this article the term “organic production” implies primary production, processing and retail of organic foods.

United States Department of Agriculture (2015). US-EU Organic Equivalency Arrangement. www.usda-eu.org/trade-with-the-eu/trade-agreements/us-eu-organic-arrangement/. Accessed 25 April 2017.

See: European Commission (2012a). http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-12-592_en.htm. Accessed 20 March 2017, which considers organic farming to be a “priority sector” of cooperation; see furthermore: European Commission (2012b). http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/newsroom/82_en. Accessed 20 May 2016; in 2015 a German-Chinese Agricultural Centre was established in Beijing, see: Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (2015). http://www.bmel.de/EN/Ministry/InternationalCooperation/_Texte/Deutschland-China-2015.html. Accessed 6 June 2016.

Schmid (2007), p. 157.

Codex Alimentarius Guidelines 32-1999, foreword no 7.

Codex Alimentarius Guidelines 32-1999, foreword no 2.

Codex Alimentarius Guidelines 32-1999, section 3.2.

Codex Alimentarius Guidelines 32-1999, Annex 1 A. no 8; Annex 1 B. no 28.

Codex Alimentarius Guidelines 32-1999, section 3.3 (c) in combination with sections 4, 5 and Annex 2.

Codex Alimentarius Guidelines 32-1999, foreword no 10.

Codex Alimentarius Guidelines 32-1999, section 6 in combination with Annex 3 and the Principles for Food Import and Export Inspection and Certification as well as the Guideline for the Design, Assessment and Accreditation of Food Import and Export Inspection and Certification Systems.

Codex Alimentarius Guidelines 32-1999, section 7.

See: Dilling and Till (2016), p. 11 f. A comparable regulative mechanism can be located in Article 3.2 in combination with Annex A no. 3 (a) of the WTO-Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS-Agreement); see: Härtel (2014b), p. 56 f.; Härtel (2008a), p. 236. Relevant provisions of international trade law can be located in the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) and in the Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) as well.

Council Regulation (EC) 834/2007 of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products and repealing Regulation (EEC) 2092/91 [2007] OJ L 189/1, art 33 (2); see: Härtel (2008a), p. 236.

See: Huber (2015), p. 3; International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (2016). www.ifoam.bio/en/ifoam-standard. Accessed 25 May 2016, where it furthermore says that also the EU standards for organic production influenced the guidelines. This complexity is even increased by the fact, that the Common Objectives and Requirements of Organic Standards (COROS) were again influenced by the Codex Alimentarius, as the description of the development of COROS on p. 13 of the IFOAM-Norms, version 2014, states.

Haccius (2015), p. 21; International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (2017a). http://www.ifoam.bio/en/what-we-do-1. Accessed 9 April 2017; International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (2017b). http://www.ifoam.bio/en/about-us. Accessed 9 April 2017.

IFOAM Norms, version 2014, pp. 13 ff., 25f.

IFOAM Norms, version 2014, p. 85.

Arbenz et al. (2015), passim. http://www.ifoam.bio/sites/default/files/organic_3.0_discussion_paper.pdf. Accessed 25 April 2017; Arbenz (2016), p. 304; Olbrisch (2016), p. 223 ff.

Schmid (2007), p. 153.

Schmid (2007), p. 153 f.

Busse (2012), ch 30, p. 1220 recital 17.

Schmid (2007), p. 155.

The following text will refer to this Regulation in a short form as Regulation (EEC) 2092/91; the European Economic Community (EEC) was the predecessor organization of the later European Community (EC) and today’s European Union (EU).

Härtel (2008a), p. 237.

Rathke et al. (2010), p. 42 recital 146 f.; Härtel (2008a), p. 237.

COM (2004) 415 final, Action 8.

The following text will refer to this Regulation in a short form as Regulation (EC) 834/2007.

The full title of the Regulation is: Commission Regulation (EC) 889/2008 of 5 September 2008 laying down detailed rules for the implementation of Council Regulation (EC) 834/2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products with regard to organic production, labelling and control [2008] OJ L 250/1; hereinafter abbreviated as Regulation (EC) 889/2008.

The full title of the Regulation is: Commission Regulation (EC) 1235/2008 of 8 December 2008 laying down detailed rules for implementation of Council Regulation (EC) 834/2007 as regards the arrangements for imports of organic products from third countries [2008] OJ L 334/25, hereinafter abbreviated as Regulation (EC) 1235/2008.

Busse (2012), ch 30, p. 1220 recital 17. A legally non-binding orientation for the legal design of facultative certification systems can be found in in the EU best practice guidelines for voluntary certification schemes for agricultural products and foodstuffs [2010] OJ C 341/5.

Zipfel et al. in Zipfel and Rathke (2015) Ökokennzeichengesetz Vorbemerkung recital 10.

Rathke et al. (2010), p. 50 f. recital 151.

Busse (2012), ch 30, p. 1239 recital 81.

The relevant provisions of the European Union’s Law on GMO can be found in Directive 2001/18/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 March 2001 on the deliberate release into the environment of genetically modified organisms and repealing Council Directive 90/220/EEC [2001] OJ L 106/1, Regulation (EC) 1829/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2003 on genetically modified food and feed [2003] OJ L 268/1 and in Regulation (EC) 1830/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2003 concerning the traceability and labelling of genetically modified organisms and the traceability of food and feed products produced from genetically modified organisms and amending Directive 2001/18/EC [2003] OJ L 268/24; for further details see: Busse (2012), ch 30, p. 1256 ff. recital 140 ff. with further references.

Rimbach et al. (2010), p. 260.

A detailed overview of this problem is given by Busse (2012), ch 30, p. 1258 f. recital 146 ff.

Regulation (EC) 889/2008, art 12 (1) lit b.

Regulation (EC) 889/2008, art 3 (1).

Regulation (EC) 834/2007, art 12 (1) lit g and h in combination with Regulation (EC) 889/2008, art 5 (1) and Annex II of Regulation (EC) 889/2008.

The limit values for the stocking density can be located in Regulation (EC) 889/2008, art 15 (2) in combination with Annex IV.

Regulation (EC) 834/2007, art 14 (1) lit d sub v.

Regulation (EC) 834/2007, art 14 (1) lit b sub iii.

Regulation (EC) 834/2007, art 14 (1) lit e sub ii.

Regulation (EC) 834/2007, art 14 (1) lit d sub ii.

Regulation (EC) 834/2007, art 19 (2), art 21, art 37 (2) in combination with Regulation (EC) 889/2008, art 27 (1) lit a and Annex VIII of Regulation (EC) 889/2008.

Rathke et al. (2010), p. 22 recital 78.

Rathke et al. (2010), p. 257 ff. recitals 883, 891, 892, 894, 902; Leible (2016), p. 36 f. recital 473a, mentions, that even wordings like “natural cultivation” could be legally considered as a reference to organic production.

See expressively: Regulation (EC) 834/2007, art 23 (1).

For further information see: Leible (2016), p. 40 recital 481.

The use of the European organic production logo is facultative for imported products, Regulation (EC) 834/2007, art 24 (1).

The EU Organic production logo is as a collective mark, see: Commission Regulation (EC) 271/2010 of 24 March 2010 amending Regulation (EC) 889/2008 laying down detailed rules for the implementation of Council Regulation (EC) 834/2007, as regards the organic production logo of the European Union [2010] OJ L 84/19, recital 7.

See also: Rathke et al. (2010), p. 296 recital 1030.

Zipfel et al. in Zipfel and Rathke (2015) Ökokennzeichengesetz Vorbemerkung recital 8.

BSE is standing for bovine spongiform encephalopathy.

Parliamentary Documentation of the German Bundestag 14/6891.

German Patent and Trade Mark Office (2016). https://register.dpma.de/DPMAregister/marke/register/301414734/DE. Accessed 27 May 2016.

Holder of the trademark is the Federal Republic of Germany represented by the Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture, see: German Patent and Trade Mark Office (2016). https://register.dpma.de/DPMAregister/marke/register/301414734/DE. Accessed 26 May 2016.

See: German Patent and Trade Mark Office (2016). https://register.dpma.de/DPMAregister/marke/register/307060934/DE. Accessed 26 May 2016; Office for Agriculture, Food Safety and Fishery Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (2016). http://www.lallf.de/fileadmin/media/PDF/Oeko/Merkblatt_zur_Vergabe_des_Biozeichens_neu.pdf. Accessed 27 May 2016.

See: Dachmarke Rhön e.V. (2008). http://dachmarke-rhoen.de/_upl/_d/dachmarke_rhoen_vereinssatzung_10_12_2008.pdf. Accessed 26 May 2016. The logo is again legally designed as a trademark.

See: Dachmarke Rhön e.V. (2014). http://dmr.marktplatzrhoen.de/_upl/_d/backwaren_kritieren_rhoen_maerz2014.pdf. Accessed 9 April 2017.

See Bavarian State Ministry for Food, Agriculture and Forests (2016). http://www.stmelf.bayern.de/mam/cms01/markt/dateien/biosiegel_programmbestimmungen.pdf. Accessed 29 May 2016; Ministry for Rural Areas and Consumer Protection Baden-Württemberg (2017). http://mbw.imageplant.de/media/download/2733/. Accessed 18 Jun 2017.

See: German Patent and Trade Mark Office (2016). https://register.dpma.de/DPMAregister/marke/register/3020150635537/DE. Accessed 9 April 2017; Ministry for Rural Areas and Consumer Protection Baden-Württemberg (2017), p. 7. http://mbw.imageplant.de/media/download/2733/. Accessed 18 June 2017.

See: German Patent and Trade Mark Office (2016). https://register.dpma.de/DPMAregister/marke/registerHABM?AKZ=009233677&CURSOR=18. Accessed 28 May 2016; German Patent and Trade Mark Office (2016). https://register.dpma.de/DPMAregister/marke/register/3020080597984/DE. Accessed 9 April 2017.

Fezer in Fezer (2009), Markengesetz § 27 recital 70; see for example Bioland (2016), section 9.2. http://www.bioland.de/fileadmin/dateien/HP_Dokumente/Richtlinien/Bioland_Richtlinien_22_Nov_2016.pdf. Accessed 9 April 2017.

See: Marketinggesellschaft Gutes aus Hessen GmbH (2016a), p.1. http://www.gutes-aus-hessen.de/fileadmin/user_upload/news/pdf_archiv/Handbuch/BSH-Handbuch_komplett_-_verbindlich_ab_01.06.2016_Version_2.1.pdf. Accessed 9 April 2017.

Holder of the trademark is the Marketinggesellschaft Gutes aus Hessen GmbH, whose single member is the GUTES AUS HESSEN e.V., which was founded by private subjects; see: Marketinggesellschaft Gutes aus Hessen GmbH (2016c). http://www.gutes-aus-hessen.de/ueber-die-mgh/der-verein.html. Accessed 26 May 2016; Marketinggesellschaft Gutes aus Hessen GmbH (2016b). http://www.gutes-aus-hessen.de/fileadmin/user_upload/pdf/e.V/Liste_Mitglieder_ev_28-10-2015.pdf. Accessed 26 May 2016.

OJ L 347/608 from 20 December 2013; for further information concerning the two-pillar structure of the common agricultural policy see Chap. 1 of this book.

Regulation (EU) 1308/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 December 2013 establishing a common organisation of the markets in agricultural products and repealing Council Regulations (EEC) 922/72, (EEC) 234/79, (EC) 1037/2001 and (EC) 1234/2007 [2013] OJ L 347/671.

See Regulation (EU) 1305/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 December2013 on support for rural development by the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD) and repealing Council Regulation (EC) 1698/2005 [2013] OJ L 347/487.

Härtel (2014a), pp. 279–281.

See Härtel (2013), pp. 437 ff.

Regulation (EC) 882/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council on official controls performed to ensure the verification of compliance with feed and food law, animal health and animal welfare rules [2004] OJ L 165/1; Busse (2012), ch 30, p. 1260 recital 153.

See also the corresponding interpretation of the Administrative Court Munich, judgement from 27 January 2011, reference number M 12 K 10.1079 recital 111.

Examples for admitted private control bodies in Germany are the Lacon GmbH or the Ecocert Deutschland GmbH; see: Federal Office for Agriculture and Food (2017). http://www.ble.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Landwirtschaft/Oekologischer-Landbau/ListeKontrollstellen.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=1. Accessed 7 April 2017.

The full title of ISO Guide 65 is ‘General requirements for bodies operating product certification systems’.

According to Regulation (EC) 834/2007, art 27 (13) traceability for each product has to be ensured in accordance with the general provision for the tracebility system in Regulation (EC) 178/2002, art 18.

The organic operators are obliged to support the control activities of the control body by rendering documentary evidence according to Regulation (EC) 889/2008, art 63 (1).

According to Regulation (EC) 834/2007, art 28 (2) the food retail sector can be excluded from the control system. This option is used in Germany by the Federal German Act on Organic Farming § 3 (2); for further information see Rathke et al. (2010), p. 333 f. recital 1137 ff.

Rathke et al. (2010), p. 340 recital 1161.

Regulation (EC) 834/2007, art 30 (1); according to the German jurisdiction this measure does not refer to a person, who is just operations manager on the farm, but to the owner of the farm, see: Administrative Court Magdeburg, judgement from 21 Jun 2012, reference number 3 A 329/10, recital 24.

Regulation (EC) 834/2007, art 30 (1).

Parliamentary Documentation of the German Bundestag 14/6891.

For the federal state Mecklenburg-Vorpommern see: Ministry of Agriculture and the Environment Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (2016). www.lallf.de/fileadmin/media/PDF/Oeko/Anlage_2.1_-_Pflanzliche_Produkte_neu.pdf. Accessed 28 May 2016.

For the combined EU label with geographical indication of Hessen see Marketinggesellschaft Gutes aus Hessen GmbH (2016a), p. 17 ff. http://www.gutes-aus-hessen.de/fileadmin/user_upload/news/pdf_archiv/Handbuch/BSH-Handbuch_komplett_-_verbindlich_ab_01.06.2016_Version_2.1.pdf. Accessed 9 Apr 2017; the organic quality of food labelled with the organic logo of the Rhön-Region is documented by the certificate for the EU organic standards, whereas the further attributes of the products are evaluated separately by the Dachmarke Rhön e.V., as § 6 (4) of the concerning statues for the use of the mark determines, see: Dachmarke Rhön e.V. (2009). http://dmr.marktplatzrhoen.de/_upl/_d/dachmarke_rhoen_markensatzung_kollektivmarke_qsr_24_11_2009-1.pdf. Accessed 20 June 2017.

See: Ministry for Rural Areas and Consumer Protection Baden-Württemberg (2017), section 8.3. http://mbw.imageplant.de/media/download/2733/. Accessed 5 June 2017.

The name of this marketing association is MBW Marketing-und Absatzförderungsgesellschaft für Agrar-und Forstprodukte aus Baden-Württemberg mbH.

See: Bavarian State Ministry for Food, Agriculture and Forests (2016), sections 4 and 6. http://www.stmelf.bayern.de/mam/cms01/markt/dateien/biosiegel_programmbestimmungen.pdf. Accessed 9 April 2017; the full title of ISO/IEC 17065 is ‘Conformity assessment – Requirements for bodies certifying products, processes and services’.

A specific feature in Baden-Württemberg is that also the food retail sector is included into the control system; see: Ministry for Rural Areas and Consumer Protection Baden-Württemberg (2017), section 7.3. http://mbw.imageplant.de/media/download/2733/. Accessed 5 January 2017.

100

This can imply for example on site inspections or examinations of relevant documents that have to be provided by the producers; see: Demeter (2016), section 3.4. https://www.demeter.de/sites/default/files/richtlinien/richtlinien_gesamt.pdf. Accessed 5 June 2017.

101

See: Demeter (2016), section 3.4. https://www.demeter.de/sites/default/files/richtlinien/richtlinien_gesamt.pdf Accessed 9 April 2017; Bioland (2016), section 9.3. http://www.bioland.de/fileadmin/dateien/HP_Dokumente/Richtlinien/Bioland_Richtlinien_22_Nov_2016.pdf. Accessed 9 April 2017.

102

The certificates of the private farmer’s association Bioland are related to the combination of production unit and the producer, so that a change of either the production unit or the producer requires a new assessment of the contractually fixed organic standards; see: Bioland (2016), section 9.2.1. http://www.bioland.de/fileadmin/dateien/HP_Dokumente/Richtlinien/Bioland_Richtlinien_22_Nov_2016.pdf. Accessed 9 April 2017.

103

Particularly relevant provisions can be found for instance in §§ 305 ff. and 336 ff. of the German Civil Code concerning standard business terms and contractual penalties.

104

See: Ministry for Rural Areas and Consumer Protection Baden-Württemberg (2017), section 9.2. http://mbw.imageplant.de/media/download/2733/. Accessed 18 June 2017; Demeter (2015). https://www.demeter.de/sites/default/files/richtlinien/richtlinien_sanktionskatalog.pdf. Accessed 6 June 2017.

105

Olbrisch (2016), p. 229.

106

Recently the EU and China are negotiating about an agreement concerning the mutual recognition of organic standards, see section 10.2 of this article.

107

Regulation (EC) 834/2007, art 33 (2), (3).

108

COM (2014) 180 final, p. 2.

109

COM (2014) 180 final, p. 2.

110

COM (2014) 180 final, p. 5 f.; for a jurisprudential evaluation of the Commission’s proposal see Olbrisch (2016), p. 223 ff.

111

COM (2014) 180 final, art 20 (1).

112

Agra-Europe (2015); for additional remarks concerning this aspect and further reference see: Olbrisch (2016), p. 224 ff.

113

COM (2014) 180 final, art 7 (1) lit d.

114

COM (2014) 180 final, p. 6; Olbrisch (2016), p. 226. The European Parliament proposes to orientate the environmental management systems on the core indicators of Regulation (EC) 1221/2009 of 25 November 2009 on the voluntary participation by organisations in a Community eco-management and audit scheme (EMAS), repealing Regulation (EC) 761/2001 and Commission Decisions 2001/681/EC and 2006/193/EC [2009] OJ L 342/1; see: European Parliament (2015), Amendment 56.

115

COM (2014) 180 final, art 24–26.

116

See COM (2014) 180 final, 7; Olbrisch (2016), p. 228.

117

COM (2014) 180 final, art 24; for further information see again: Olbrisch (2016), p. 228.

118

Olbrisch (2016), p. 227.

119

COM (2014) 180 final, art 30. Olbrisch (2016), p. 229.

120

See: Regulation (EU) 2017/625 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2017 on official controls and other official activities performed to ensure the application of food and feed law, rules on animal health and welfare, plant health and plant protection products, amending Regulations (EC) 999/2001, (EC) 396/2005, (EC) 1069/2009, (EC) 1107/2009, (EU) 1151/2012, (EU) 652/2014, (EU) 2016/429 and (EU) 2016/2031 of the European Parliament and of the Council, Council Regulations (EC) 1/2005 and (EC) 1099/2009 and Council Directives 98/58/EC, 1999/74/EC, 2007/43/EC, 2008/119/EC and 2008/120/EC, and repealing Regulations (EC) 854/2004 and (EC) 882/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council, Council Directives 89/608/EEC, 89/662/EEC, 90/425/EEC, 91/496/EEC, 96/23/EC, 96/93/EC and 97/78/EC and Council Decision 92/438/EEC (Official Controls Regulation) [2017] OJ L 95/1; the respective regulation will enter into force on Dec 14th 2019. For a jurisprudential evaluation of these technical legal aspects see Olbrisch (2016), p. 228 ff.

121

Concerning the concept of legal concerts see the fundamental achievements of: Härtel (2008b), p. 185ff.

122

Ye et al. (2002), p. 261 ff.

123

Measures for the Administration of Green Food Logos, Article 2; see also: China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development, Working Group on Trade and Development (1996), p. 10 f. http://www.iisd.org/pdf/greenfood.pdf. Accessed 18 June 2017.

124

As of 10 December 2013 the total number of enterprises carrying the logo ‘effective use of green food’ stood at 7696, with 19,076 products carrying the ‘effective use of green food logo’ in total; annual sales of 362.52 billion Yuan and an export value of $2,603,864,000 with 25,642.7 hectares of green food producing and environmental testing area.

125

People’s Republic of China will hereinafter be abbreviated as PRC. National People’s Congress will hereinafter be abbreviated as NPC.

126

Quiao (2011), p. 133.

127

Quiao (2011), p. 132.

128

Ai and Lu (2006).

129

National standards have its number. The last four numbers demonstrate the issuing year. The legal conditions for the creation of standards are located in the Standardization Law of the PRC.

130

Further provisions for the Labelling of agricultural products can be found in the Administrative Measures for the Packaging and Marking of Agricultural Products.

131

China Green Food Development Center (2014). http://www.greenfood.org/Html/2014_02_26/2_1974_2014_02_26_26534.html. Accessed 26 February 2014.

132

A differentiated description of the application procedure is given by Hong Kong Trade Development Council (2014). http://china-trade-research.hktdc.com/business-news/article/Guide-to-Doing-Business-in-China/Green-food-complying-with-China-s-organic-requirements/bgcn/en/1/1X000000/1X09Y6SQ.htm. Accessed 20 March 2017.

133

Additional provisions for the Labelling of agricultural products are located in the Administrative Measures for the Packaging and Marking of Agricultural Products.

134

See: Hong Kong Trade Development Council (2014). http://china-trade-research.hktdc.com/business-news/article/Guide-to-Doing-Business-in-China/Green-food-complying-with-China-s-organic-requirements/bgcn/en/1/1X000000/1X09Y6SQ.htm. Accessed 20 March 2017.

135

For further information see: Scoones and Elsaeser (2008), p. 22 ff. https://www.eu-china.net/upload/pdf/materialien/EUCTP%20A0171%20Organic%20Food%20Report%20EN_09-10-16.pdf. Accessed 21 June 2017.

136

See: China Organic Food Certification Center (2015). http://www.ofcc.org.cn/en/index.php?optionid=962. Accessed 8 April 2017.

137

See Measures for the Administration of Green Food Logos, Article 5. In 1999, the China Green Food Development Centre became subordinate to the Ministry of Agriculture.

138

For a differentiated description see Hong Kong Trade Development Council (2014). http://china-trade-research.hktdc.com/business-news/article/Guide-to-Doing-Business-in-China/Green-food-complying-with-China-s-organic-requirements/bgcn/en/1/1X000000/1X09Y6SQ.htm. Accessed 20 March 2017.

139

In 2014, China built 635 green food bases of standard raw material production, covering an area of 0.16 billion mu. 17 national organic agricultural demonstration bases were set up with an area of 10 million mu.

140

Wang (2015). http://www.greenfood.org/Html/2015_04_07/2_27995_2015_04_07_28031.html. Accessed 7 April 2015.

141

Ma (2016). http://www.moa.gov.cn/sydw/lssp/zl/zyjh/201603/t20160328_5072348.htm. Accessed 28 March 2016.

142

Wang (2017). http://www.greenfood.agri.cn/ywlssp/Address/. Accessed 21 March 2017.

143

Wang (2015). http://www.greenfood.org/Html/2015_04_07/2_27995_2015_04_07_28031.html. Accessed 7 April 2015.

144

Fan (2007).

145

For practical challenges of organic certification see: Scoones and Elsaeser (2008), p. 36 ff. https://www.eu-china.net/upload/pdf/materialien/EUCTP%20A0171%20Organic%20Food%20Report%20EN_09-10-16.pdf. Accessed 21 June 2017.

146

Wang (2014), p. 44 f.

147

Chen (2010), p. 23 ff.

148

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149

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150

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Titel: Organic Farming Law
verfasst von: Mathias Olbrisch
Wei Li
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Handbook of Agri-Food Law in China, Germany, European Union
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-67665-4

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-67666-1

Copyright-Jahr: 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67666-1_10

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